Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Autocuidado digital en el manejo de los trastornos musculoesqueléticos de columna: revisión sistemática y metanálisis

Objetivo:

analizar la efectividad del autocuidado digital en el manejo del dolor y la discapacidad funcional en personas con trastornos musculoesqueléticos espinales.

Método:

revisión sistemática de la literatura, desarrollada con la checklist PRISMA, de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados sobre personas con trastornos musculoesqueléticos de columna e intervenciones digitales a las que se accede por computadora, smartphones u otro dispositivo portátil. Bases de datos consultadas: National Library of Medicine, Excerpta Médica dataBASE, SciVerse Scopus, Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud, Science Citation Indexes, Cummulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature y Physiotherapy Evidence Database. Síntesis de resultados descriptiva y por metanálisis (modelo de efectos fijos) realizada con el software Review Manager. Calidad metodológica evaluada mediante la escala Physiotherapy Evidence Database.

Resultados:

se seleccionaron 25 ensayos (5142 participantes) que mostraron mejoras estadísticamente significativas (p<0,05) del 54% (12/22) en los niveles de dolor y del 47% (10/21) en la discapacidad funcional en el grupo intervención. Los metanálisis mostraron efectos moderados sobre la intensidad del dolor y efectos pequeños sobre la discapacidad funcional. Predominaron los estudios de calidad media.

Conclusión:

las intervenciones de atención digital demostraron resultados beneficiosos para la intensidad del dolor y la discapacidad funcional, principalmente para el dolor lumbar crónico. Se ha demostrado que la atención digital es promisoria para favorecer el automanejo de las afecciones musculoesqueléticas de columna. Registro PROSPERO CRD42021282102.

Descriptores:
Dolor de la Región Lumbar; Dolor de Cuello; Dolor de Espalda; Automanejo; Manejo del Dolor; Internet


Objective:

to analyze the effectiveness of digital self-care in the management of pain and functional disability among people with spine musculoskeletal disorders.

Method:

a systematic literature review, developed with the PRISMA checklist, of randomized clinical trials of people with spine musculoskeletal disorders and digital interventions accessed by means of computers, smartphones or other portable devices. Databases researched: National Library of Medicine, Excerpta Médica dataBASE, SciVerse Scopus, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, Science Citation Indexes, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and Physiotherapy Evidence Database. The descriptive synthesis of the results and by means of meta-analyses (fixed-effects model) was performed with the Review Manager software. The methodological quality was evaluated with the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale.

Results:

a total of 25 trials were selected (5,142 participants), which showed statistically significant improvements (p <0.05) in 54% (12/22) in the pain levels and 47% (10/21) in functional disability in the Intervention Group. The meta-analyses showed moderate effects on pain intensity and small effects on functional disability. There was a predominance of medium quality studies.

Conclusion:

the digital care interventions showed a beneficial result in pain intensity and in functional disability, mainly for chronic low back pain. Digital care emerges as promising to support self-management of the spine musculoskeletal conditions. PROSPERO registry number CRD42021282102.

Descriptors:
Low Back Pain; Neck Pain; Back Pain; Self-Management; Pain Management; Internet


Objetivo:

analisar a efetividade do autocuidado digital no manejo da dor e incapacidade funcional em pessoas com distúrbios musculoesqueléticos de coluna.

Método:

revisão sistemática da literatura, desenvolvida com o checklist PRISMA, de ensaios clínicos randomizados de pessoas com distúrbios musculoesqueléticos de coluna e intervenções digitais acessadas por computador, smartphones ou outro dispositivo portátil. Bases pesquisadas: National Library of Medicine, Excerpta Médica dataBASE, SciVerse Scopus, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, Science Citation Indexes, Cummulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature e Physiotherapy Evidence Database. Síntese dos resultados descritiva e por metanálises (modelo de efeitos fixos) com o software Review Manager. Qualidade metodológica avaliada pela escala Physiotherapy Evidence Database.

Resultados:

selecionaram-se 25 ensaios (5142 participantes) que revelaram melhoras estatisticamente significativas (p<0,05) em 54% (12/22) nos níveis de dor e 47% (10/21) na incapacidade funcional no grupo intervenção. As metanálises mostraram efeitos moderados na intensidade da dor e pequenos na incapacidade funcional. Houve predominância de estudos de média qualidade.

Conclusão:

intervenções de cuidados digitais mostraram resultado benéfico na intensidade da dor e na incapacidade funcional principalmente para dor lombar crônica. Evidenciam-se os cuidados digitais como promissores para apoiar o autogerenciamento das condições musculoesqueléticas de coluna. Registro PROSPERO CRD42021282102.

Descritores:
Dor Lombar; Dor Cervical; Dor nas Costas; Autogestão; Manejo da Dor; Internet


Destacados:

(1) Las intervenciones digitales no fueron inferiores a la atención presencial.

(2) La atención digital es promisoria para contribuir al automanejo.

(3) Es necesario estandarizar el informe de resultados de los ensayos clínicos.

(4) Faltan estudios de mayor calidad.

(5) Examinar las estrategias que contribuyen a la aceptación y adherencia del usuario.

Introducción

Los trastornos musculoesqueléticos de columna vertebral se consideran un importante problema de salud pública debido a su alta prevalencia, y afectan a todos los grupos etarios y niveles socioeconómicos. Su manejo sigue siendo un reto debido a las diferentes causas y factores desencadenantes. Los intentos por controlarlos obedecen al impacto que tienen en el individuo y al aumento de los costos de la atención médica, ausentismo y certificados médicos ( 1Cargnin ZA, Schneider DG, Schneider IJC. Prevalence and factors associated with nonspecific low back pain in nursing workers. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2021 Jan;29:e20180311. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265X-TCE-2018-0311
https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265X-TCE-20...
) . Implican una mezcla de influencias multidimensionales, tanto físicas como psicológicas y sociales. Debido a ese carácter biopsicosocial, se recomiendan los programas de tratamiento multidisciplinarios con estrategias físicas, psicológicas y educativas ( 2Toelle TR, Utpadel-Fischler DA, Haas KK, Priebe JA. App-based multidisciplinary back pain treatment versus combined physiotherapy plus online education: a randomized controlled trial. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 May 3 [cited 2022 Feb 19];2:34. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0109-x#author-information
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
) . Por ende, una opción para el automanejo es el modelo de autocuidado que propone la colaboración mutua e interactiva entre profesionales y pacientes. Desde esa perspectiva, el individuo maneja los síntomas resultantes de una condición crónica, o tiene autonomía para monitorear y manejar su propia salud en las dimensiones física, emocional y social ( 3Fritsch CG, Ferreira PH, Prior JL, Vesentini G, Schlotfeldt P, Eyles J, et al. TEXT4myBACK – the development process of a self-management intervention delivered via text message for low back pain. Arch Rehabil Res Clin Transl. 2021 Apr 27;3(2):100128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arrct.2021.100128
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arrct.2021.100...
) . Las tecnologías digitales pueden facilitar la educación, la prevención, la promoción y la gestión de la salud ( 4Du S, Liu W, Cai S, Hu Y, Dong J. The efficacy of e-health in the self-management of chronic low back pain: a meta analysis. Int J Nurs Stud. 2020 Jun; 106: 103507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.103507
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019....
) .

El área de la salud, en su proceso de trabajo, requiere acciones que se adapten a las transformaciones tecnológicas, sin embargo, son insuficientes y poco exploradas. Las innovaciones que brindan respuestas, ya sean operativas, gerenciales o que ayudan a la toma de decisiones, contribuyen al proceso educativo y asistencial ( 5Gama LN, Tavares CMM. Development and valuation of mobile application for the prevention of musculoskeletal risks in nursing work. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2019; 28: e20180214. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265X-TCE-2018-0214
https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265X-TCE-20...
) . En plena era de la información, los programas basados en tecnologías de la información, e-health (herramientas y soluciones digitales) son promisorios para mejorar los procesos clínicos, prevenir, tratar, promover y mantener la salud ( 2Toelle TR, Utpadel-Fischler DA, Haas KK, Priebe JA. App-based multidisciplinary back pain treatment versus combined physiotherapy plus online education: a randomized controlled trial. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 May 3 [cited 2022 Feb 19];2:34. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0109-x#author-information
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 4Du S, Liu W, Cai S, Hu Y, Dong J. The efficacy of e-health in the self-management of chronic low back pain: a meta analysis. Int J Nurs Stud. 2020 Jun; 106: 103507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.103507
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019....
, 6Shebib R, Bailey JF, Smittenaar P, Perez DA, Mecklenburg G, Hunter S. Randomized controlled trial of a 12-week digital care program in improving low back pain. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 Jan 7 [cited 2022 May 2];2(1):1-8. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0076-7
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
) . Tienen ventajas como el fácil acceso, la disponibilidad, la facilidad de uso en cualquier lugar, la personalización y la posibilidad de comunicarse con profesionales ( 4Du S, Liu W, Cai S, Hu Y, Dong J. The efficacy of e-health in the self-management of chronic low back pain: a meta analysis. Int J Nurs Stud. 2020 Jun; 106: 103507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.103507
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019....
) . Además, los tratamientos presenciales implican el traslado de uno o varios profesionales al sistema asistencial en momentos puntuales, y estos no pueden hacer un seguimiento diario del compromiso y bienestar del paciente ( 6Shebib R, Bailey JF, Smittenaar P, Perez DA, Mecklenburg G, Hunter S. Randomized controlled trial of a 12-week digital care program in improving low back pain. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 Jan 7 [cited 2022 May 2];2(1):1-8. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0076-7
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
) .

Es necesario realizar estudios para medir el automanejo de manera más efectiva. En este sentido, la e-health puede ser una estrategia prometedora para mejorar los procesos y resultados clínicos. Sin embargo, no hay evidencia científica sobre su contenido e implementación y, por lo tanto, es necesario que se realice una mejor evaluación ( 7Suman A, Schaafsma FG, van Dongen JM, Elders PJM, Buchbinder R, van Tulder MW, et al. Effectiveness and cost-utility of a multifaceted eHealth strategy to improve back pain beliefs of patients with non-specific low back pain: a cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open. 2019 Dec 5;9(12):e030879. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030879
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
) . Aún faltan sitios web, programas y aplicaciones ( app) que contengan información confiable y que satisfagan las necesidades de los consumidores. Es necesario que haya más investigación para evaluar si el conocimiento mejora los resultados y el comportamiento ( 8Hodges PW, Hall L, Setchell J, French S, Kasza J, Bennell K, et al. Effect of a consumer-focused website for low back pain on health literacy, treatment choices, and clinical outcomes: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Jun 15;23(6):e27860. https://doi.org/10.2196/27860
https://doi.org/10.2196/27860...
) .

Dado que los trastornos musculoesqueléticos de columna tienen una gran prevalencia y contribuyen a la discapacidad funcional, es necesario que se implementen intervenciones estratégicas con modelos accesibles para influir en las medidas de resultado. Por lo tanto, el objetivo es analizar la efectividad del autocuidado digital en el manejo del dolor y la discapacidad funcional en personas con trastornos musculoesqueléticos de columna vertebral.

Método

Tipo de estudio

Esta es una revisión sistemática (RS) de la literatura, registrada en la plataforma International Prospective Register of Ongoing Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (Número de registro CRD42021282102) del 19 de noviembre de 2021, desarrollada según las recomendaciones del Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses PRISMA Checklist ( 9Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann T, Mulrow CD, et al. Mapping of reporting guidance for systematic reviews and meta-analyses generated a comprehensive item bank for future reporting guidelines. J Clin Epidemiol. 2020 Feb;118:60-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019.11.010
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019....
) . El desarrollo de la revisión se basó en el Manual Cochrane de Revisiones Sistemáticas, versión 6.3 de 2022 ( 10Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al., editors. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.3 (updated February 2022). 2022 [cited 2022 Aug 6]. Available from: http://www.training.cochrane.org/handbook
http://www.training.cochrane.org/handboo...
) .

Estrategia de búsqueda

La pregunta de revisión fue: ¿Las intervenciones de autocuidado digital son efectivas para manejar el dolor y la discapacidad funcional en personas con trastornos musculoesqueléticos de columna? Se utilizó el modelo definido por las siglas PICO: Población/Condición: personas con trastornos musculoesqueléticos de columna. Intervención: autocuidado digital. Comparación: intervención de atención habitual no digital; intervención digital no interactiva; lista de espera. Resultado: manejo del dolor, autocuidado. La elaboración del mecanismo de búsqueda contó con la ayuda de dos bibliotecarias. Los descriptores controlados se obtuvieron a través de los Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud (DeCS) y de los términos del Medical Subject Headings (MESH). Una bibliotecaria elaboró la estrategia de búsqueda y la otra validó la estrategia con base en la herramienta Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies PRESS - lista de verificación de estrategias de búsqueda para validar la estrategia de búsqueda ( 11Masterson D, Martínez-Silveira MS. Application of Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies (PRESS) to assess the quality of systematic reviews search strategies. Em Questão. 2022 July;28(3):117865. https://doi.org/10.19132/1808-5245283.117865
https://doi.org/10.19132/1808-5245283.11...
) . Se realizaron búsquedas en las siguientes bases de datos: US National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Excerpta Médica dataBASE (Embase), SciVerse Scopus (Scopus) y Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud (LILACS), Science Citation Indexes ( Web of Science), Cummulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) y Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), además de una búsqueda manual en las referencias de los estudios ( Figura 1).

Figura 1 -
Estrategias de búsqueda. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil, 2022

Periodo de búsqueda

Se realizó la búsqueda, desde septiembre de 2021 hasta febrero de 2022, de artículos en cualquier idioma sin límite de tiempo para realizar el seguimiento de los avances tecnológicos de las últimas décadas. Para gestionar las referencias se utilizó el software EndNote.

Criterios de selección

Criterios de inclusión: personas mayores de 18 años con trastornos musculoesqueléticos de columna vertebral (dolor de cuello, dolor de espalda o dolor lumbar); intervenciones digitales a las que se accede por computadora, smartphone u otro dispositivo portátil; componentes de intervenciones aisladas o asociadas a educación para la salud, terapia cognitiva conductual (TCC), fisioterapia y/o guías ergonómicas. Las intervenciones en otras regiones distintas a la columna se analizaron caso por caso. La afección musculoesquelética se diagnosticó clínicamente o se definió como una manifestación de dolor persistente que duró más de tres meses (crónico), menos de 6 semanas (agudo) y de 6 a 12 semanas (subagudo). Esta revisión consideró todos los contextos de investigación, ya sea domiciliario, comunitario o de otro tipo, y se limitó a ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECA).

Criterios de exclusión: situaciones en las que se recibe consejo directamente de un profesional de la salud; estudios de personas con condiciones específicas de columna como estenosis espinal, posquirúrgicos, tumores, fracturas, trastornos inflamatorios; mujeres embarazadas; intervenciones con tratamientos médicos y/o quirúrgicos o dolor crónico no especificado.

Proceso de selección

La selección de estudios se realizó en tres etapas: análisis de títulos y resúmenes; lectura de los textos en su totalidad y, finalmente, la inclusión de estudios seleccionados en la revisión. Dos revisores independientes seleccionaron los estudios de acuerdo con los criterios de elegibilidad con conciliación de desacuerdos y un tercer revisor estuvo disponible en caso de que hubiera alguna diferencia en la interpretación. El coeficiente de concordancia entre los evaluadores Kappa se clasificó como 0,0-0,20, ligera concordancia; 0,21-0,40, concordancia regular; 0,41-0,60, concordancia moderada; 0,61-0,80, concordancia sustancial; 0,81-1,00, concordancia casi perfecta ( 12Barros BS, Imoto AM, O’Neil J, Duquette-Laplante F, Perrier MF, Dorion M, et al. The management of lower back pain using pilates method: assessment of content exercise reporting in RCTs. Disabil Rehabil. 2022 Jun:44(11):2428-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2020.1836269
https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2020.18...
) .

Recolección de datos

La extracción de datos fue realizada de forma independiente por los investigadores y luego comparada con la ayuda del software Atlas Ti, versión 22 adquirido mediante una licencia de estudiante por seis meses, que aceleró el proceso inferencial a través de la gestión de archivos, de la codificación y el etiquetado de fracciones de texto importantes para realizar y darle fundamento a la discusión. Posteriormente, los principales resultados de cada estudio se organizaron en una hoja de cálculo de Excel 2016.

Variables de estudio

Las variables independientes, analizadas descriptivamente, que se enumeran en este estudio son información sobre la población (edad, sexo e Índice de Masa Corporal) y datos sobre los estudios (tipo de estudio, año de publicación, país, tamaño de la muestra, tipo de intervención y características, base teórica, región de la columna, instrumentos, adherencia, monitoreo, eventos adversos, resultados, continuación). Las variables dependientes fueron la intensidad del dolor y la discapacidad funcional (numéricas continuas) analizadas cuantitativamente por medio de metanálisis.

Resultados e instrumentos de medición

La intensidad del dolor se midió con escalas como la Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), Brief Pain Inventory u otro método indirecto como cuestionarios. La capacidad funcional se midió principalmente por el Cuestionario Roland-Morris (RM) y el Oswestry Disability Index (ODI).

Tratamiento y análisis de datos

Los datos fueron analizados descriptivamente y presentados en figuras. Los metanálisis se realizaron con el software Review Manager 5.4.1 (no previsto en el protocolo). Se extrajeron los datos numéricos continuos de los resultados intensidad del dolor y discapacidad funcional con el tamaño de la muestra, los puntajes medios y las desviaciones estándar (DE). Cuando las DE no estaban disponibles, se estimaron a partir de intervalos de confianza, errores estándar o se extrajeron de gráficos disponibles en los artículos. La heterogeneidad estadística para las variables intensidad del dolor y discapacidad funcional se calculó mediante pruebas de chi-cuadrado e I 2 Se aplicó el modelo de efectos aleatorios en presencia de alta heterogeneidad (I 2>50%). Si I 2 < 50% y p > 0,10, se utilizó un modelo de efectos fijos. En cuanto al tamaño del efecto, se consideraron las diferencias de medias estandarizadas (DME) agrupadas, cuando los valores eran inferiores a 0,2 se consideró que el efecto era pequeño, 0,2-0,5 moderado y > 0,5 grande ( 4Du S, Liu W, Cai S, Hu Y, Dong J. The efficacy of e-health in the self-management of chronic low back pain: a meta analysis. Int J Nurs Stud. 2020 Jun; 106: 103507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.103507
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019....
) . Se consideraron intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC 95%). Se realizaron análisis de sensibilidad para evaluar la estabilidad de los resultados y detectar la posible fuente de heterogeneidad.

Los valores negativos de la estimación de la diferencia de medias representan un efecto a favor del grupo intervención. Se realizaron análisis de subgrupos considerados combinables y homogéneos con respecto al período, la región de la columna vertebral, la medida de resultado y la tecnología empleada. Para los ECA de tres brazos, los datos se extrajeron de los grupos intervención y control. Se utilizó la diferencia estandarizada cuando se usaron diferentes escalas para el mismo resultado. Los resultados se presentaron mediante diagramas de bosque ( Forest Plot) y gráficos de embudo.

Evaluación de calidad

La calidad metodológica se evaluó mediante la escala PEDro (no prevista en el protocolo) ya que dispone de un sistema de puntaje para la evaluación general del estudio. Contienen once ítems, de los cuales 10 reciben un punto (1) e indican la presencia del indicador de calidad y el cero (0) no contiene información o no cumple con la condición del indicador de calidad. Los criterios 2-9 (asignación aleatoria, asignación cegada, comparabilidad inicial, participantes, terapeutas y evaluadores cegados, seguimiento adecuado, análisis de la intención de tratar) se refieren a la validez interna y los criterios 10-11 (comparaciones entre grupos y estimaciones puntuales y variabilidad) se refieren a la información estadística. El ítem 1 no se considera para el puntaje final porque evalúa la validez externa del estudio. Esta escala se basa en la lista Delphi desarrollada en Holanda y elaborada por la base de datos PEDro, que evalúa la calidad metodológica de todos los ensayos clínicos para orientar la toma de decisiones clínicas. Además, los estudios se enumeran en orden de importancia metodológica para facilitar el acceso rápido a la evidencia científica más válida posible al buscar en la base de datos. Tiene una confiabilidad entre evaluadores moderada ( 13Cashin AG, McAuley JH. Clinimetrics: Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) Scale. J Physiother. 2020 Jan;66(1):59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphys.2019.08.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphys.2019.08....
) .

Resultados

Se identificaron 2014 artículos en las bases de datos y, después de excluir los duplicados, se seleccionaron 923 publicaciones potencialmente elegibles para ser incluidas en esta revisión. Al final del proceso se seleccionaron 25 estudios. El flujo de selección de artículos y el motivo de la exclusión se muestran en el diagrama PRISMA ( Figura 2). La prueba de Kappa mostró que hubo confiabilidad moderada entre observadores (k=0,423; p<0.000; concordancia=75%), pero hubo conciliación de divergencias.

Figura 2 -
Diagrama de flujo de los estudios seleccionados. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil, 2022

Los estudios seleccionados, el tamaño de la muestra, los instrumentos, los resultados y la evaluación de la calidad se muestran en la Figura 3.

Figura 3 -
Resultados de intensidad del dolor y discapacidad funcional, tamaño de la muestra, puntaje PEDro y clasificación de calidad(25). Florianópolis, SC, Brasil, 2022

Evaluación de la calidad de los estudios

La validez interna y calidad metodológica según la escala PEDro mostró que había un predominio de 21 (84%) estudios de calidad media (puntaje de 5 a 7) y 4 (16%) estudios de calidad alta (puntaje de 8 a 10). El puntaje medio fue de 6,4 (DE, 1,04) sobre un total de 10 puntos ( Figura 3). Con excepción del manuscrito ( 14Moessner M, Schiltenwolf M, Neubauer E. Internet-based aftercare for patients with back pain - a pilot study. Telemed J E Health. 2012 Jul-Aug;18(6):413-9. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2011.0221
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2011.0221...
) , evaluado de forma independiente por los investigadores, los puntajes fueron extraídos directamente de la base de datos PEDro. Los criterios menos cumplidos fueron los ítems: asignación oculta de los participantes, participantes cegados, terapeutas cegados, seguimiento adecuado y análisis de la intención de tratar. Solo 10 estudios lograron cegar a los evaluadores.

Descripción de la población, intervenciones y resultados

Los participantes tenían 18 años o más, de 18 a 65 años, 85 años o sin límite de edad superior especificado. Algunos consideraron edades intermedias de 28 a 48 años ( 15Abadiyan F, Hadadnezhad M, Khosrokiani Z, Letafatkar A, Akhshik H. Adding a smartphone app to global postural re-education to improve neck pain, posture, quality of life, and endurance in people with nonspecific neck pain: a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2021 Apr 12;22(1):274. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214-8
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214...
) y de 30 a 55 ( 16Almhdawi KA, Obeidat DS, Kanaan SF, Oteir AO, Mansour ZM, Alrabbaei H. Efficacy of an innovative smartphone application for office workers with chronic non-specific low back pain: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2020 Oct;34(10):1282-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757
https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757...
) , de 30 a 67 ( 17Lara-Palomo IC, Antequera-Soler E, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, Fernández-Sánchez M, García-López H, Castro-Sánchez AM, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of an e-health program versus a home rehabilitation program in patients with chronic low back pain: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Digit Health [Internet]. 2022 Jan 28 [cited 2022 Feb 27];8:20552076221074482. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332...
) y un estudio incluyó participantes mayores de 55 años ( 18Zadro JR, Shirley D, Simic M, Mousavi SJ, Ceprnja D, Maka K, et al. Video-game–based exercises for older people with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlledtable trial (GAMEBACK). Phys Ther. 2019 Jan 1;99(1):14-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112...
) . La edad promedio de los participantes fue de 45,9 años. La edad media del grupo intervención fue de 49,1 (DE 7,4). En cuanto al género de los participantes, hubo un porcentaje del 57,9% de mujeres, pero el 20,8% no informó el porcentaje de mujeres en los estudios. De los 25 estudios, once informaron el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) de los participantes con valores medios entre 23,2 kg/ m 2 y 30,6 kg/m 2 en el grupo intervención, con una media general de 26,89 (DE 2,09).

En cuanto al diseño de los estudios, todos eran ECA, publicados entre 2002 y 2022, mayormente en los años 2019, 6 (24%) ( 2Toelle TR, Utpadel-Fischler DA, Haas KK, Priebe JA. App-based multidisciplinary back pain treatment versus combined physiotherapy plus online education: a randomized controlled trial. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 May 3 [cited 2022 Feb 19];2:34. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0109-x#author-information
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 6Shebib R, Bailey JF, Smittenaar P, Perez DA, Mecklenburg G, Hunter S. Randomized controlled trial of a 12-week digital care program in improving low back pain. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 Jan 7 [cited 2022 May 2];2(1):1-8. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0076-7
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
- 7Suman A, Schaafsma FG, van Dongen JM, Elders PJM, Buchbinder R, van Tulder MW, et al. Effectiveness and cost-utility of a multifaceted eHealth strategy to improve back pain beliefs of patients with non-specific low back pain: a cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open. 2019 Dec 5;9(12):e030879. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030879
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
, 18Zadro JR, Shirley D, Simic M, Mousavi SJ, Ceprnja D, Maka K, et al. Video-game–based exercises for older people with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlledtable trial (GAMEBACK). Phys Ther. 2019 Jan 1;99(1):14-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112...
; 19Amorim AB, Pappas E, Simic M, Ferreira ML, Jennings M, Tiedemann A, et al. Integrating Mobile-health, health coaching, and physical activity to reduce the burden of chronic low back pain trial (IMPACT): a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2019 Feb 11 [cited 2022 Apr 24];20(1):71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-...
- 20Petrozzi MJ, Leaver A, Ferreira PH, Rubinstein SM, Jones MK, Mackey MG. Addition of MoodGYM to physical treatments for chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Chiropr Man Therap. 2019 Oct 25;27(1):54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-...
) , y 2021, 4 (16%) ( 8Hodges PW, Hall L, Setchell J, French S, Kasza J, Bennell K, et al. Effect of a consumer-focused website for low back pain on health literacy, treatment choices, and clinical outcomes: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Jun 15;23(6):e27860. https://doi.org/10.2196/27860
https://doi.org/10.2196/27860...
, 21Garcia LM, Birckhead BJ, Krishnamurthy P, Sackman J, Mackey IG, Louis RG, et al. An 8-week self-administered at-home behavioral skills-based virtual reality program for chronic low back pain: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted during COVID-19. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Feb 22;23(2):e26292. https://doi.org/10.2196/26292
https://doi.org/10.2196/26292...
- 22Sandal LF, Bach K, Øverås CK, Svendsen MJ, Dalager T, Jensen JSD, et al. Effectiveness of app-delivered, tailored self-management support for adults with lower back pain–related disability. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Oct 1;181(10):1288-96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4097
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
) . De los 25 estudios, 9 (36%) se realizaron en Estados Unidos de América ( 6Shebib R, Bailey JF, Smittenaar P, Perez DA, Mecklenburg G, Hunter S. Randomized controlled trial of a 12-week digital care program in improving low back pain. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 Jan 7 [cited 2022 May 2];2(1):1-8. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0076-7
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 21Garcia LM, Birckhead BJ, Krishnamurthy P, Sackman J, Mackey IG, Louis RG, et al. An 8-week self-administered at-home behavioral skills-based virtual reality program for chronic low back pain: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted during COVID-19. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Feb 22;23(2):e26292. https://doi.org/10.2196/26292
https://doi.org/10.2196/26292...
, 23Carpenter KM, Stoner SA, Mundt JM, Stoelb B. An online self-help cbt intervention for chronic lower back pain. Clin J Pain. 2012 Jan;28(1):14-22. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e31822363db
https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e318223...
; 24Chiauzzi E, Pujol LA, Wood M, Bond K, Black R, Yiu E, et al. painACTION-back pain: a self-management website for people with chronic back pain. Pain Med. 2010 Jul;11(7):1044-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00879.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010...
; 25Heapy AA, Higgins DM, Goulet JL, LaChappelle KM, Driscoll MA, Czlapinski RA, et al. interactive voice response–based self-management for chronic back pain: the COPES noninferiority randomized trial. JAMA Inter Med. 2017 Jun 1;177(6):765-73. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0223
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
; 26Irvine AB, Russell H, Manocchia M, Mino DE, Glassen TC, Morgan R, et al. Mobile-web app to self-manage low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2015 Jan 2 [cited 2022 Feb 19];17(1):e3130. Available from: https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/
https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/...
; 27Krein SL, Kadri R, Hughes M, Kerr EA, Piette JD, Holleman R, et al. Pedometer-based internet-mediated intervention for adults with chronic low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2013 Aug 19;15(8):e2605. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605...
; 28Licciardone JC, Pandya V. Feasibility trial of an ehealth intervention for health-related quality of life: implications for managing patients with chronic pain during the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare. 2020 Oct 1;8(4):381. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8040381
https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare804038...
- 29Lorig KR, Laurent DD, Deyo RA, Marnell ME, Minor MA, Ritter PL. Can a back pain e-mail discussion group improve health status and lower health care costs? Arch Intern Med. 2002 Apr 8;162(7):792-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.792
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.7...
) , 5 (20%) en Australia ( 8Hodges PW, Hall L, Setchell J, French S, Kasza J, Bennell K, et al. Effect of a consumer-focused website for low back pain on health literacy, treatment choices, and clinical outcomes: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Jun 15;23(6):e27860. https://doi.org/10.2196/27860
https://doi.org/10.2196/27860...
, 18Zadro JR, Shirley D, Simic M, Mousavi SJ, Ceprnja D, Maka K, et al. Video-game–based exercises for older people with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlledtable trial (GAMEBACK). Phys Ther. 2019 Jan 1;99(1):14-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112...
; 19Amorim AB, Pappas E, Simic M, Ferreira ML, Jennings M, Tiedemann A, et al. Integrating Mobile-health, health coaching, and physical activity to reduce the burden of chronic low back pain trial (IMPACT): a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2019 Feb 11 [cited 2022 Apr 24];20(1):71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-...
- 20Petrozzi MJ, Leaver A, Ferreira PH, Rubinstein SM, Jones MK, Mackey MG. Addition of MoodGYM to physical treatments for chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Chiropr Man Therap. 2019 Oct 25;27(1):54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-...
, 30Iles R, Taylor NF, Davidson M, O’Halloran P. Telephone coaching can increase activity levels for people with non-chronic low back pain: a randomised trial. J Physiother [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2022 Feb 3];57(4):231-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22093121
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2209...
) , 3 (12%) en Alemania ( 2Toelle TR, Utpadel-Fischler DA, Haas KK, Priebe JA. App-based multidisciplinary back pain treatment versus combined physiotherapy plus online education: a randomized controlled trial. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 May 3 [cited 2022 Feb 19];2:34. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0109-x#author-information
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 14Moessner M, Schiltenwolf M, Neubauer E. Internet-based aftercare for patients with back pain - a pilot study. Telemed J E Health. 2012 Jul-Aug;18(6):413-9. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2011.0221
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2011.0221...
, 31Pach D, Blödt S, Wang J, Keller T, Bergmann B, Rogge AA, et al. App-based relaxation exercises for patients with chronic neck pain: pragmatic randomized trial. JMIR MHealth UHealth. 2022 Jan 7;10(1):e31482. https://doi.org/10.2196/31482
https://doi.org/10.2196/31482...
) , 2 (8%) en España ( 17Lara-Palomo IC, Antequera-Soler E, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, Fernández-Sánchez M, García-López H, Castro-Sánchez AM, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of an e-health program versus a home rehabilitation program in patients with chronic low back pain: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Digit Health [Internet]. 2022 Jan 28 [cited 2022 Feb 27];8:20552076221074482. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332...
, 32del Pozo-Cruz B, Parraca JA, del Pozo-Cruz J, Adsuar JC, Hill J, Gusi N. An occupational, internet-based intervention to prevent chronicity in subacute lower back pain: a randomised controlled trial. J Rehabil Med [Internet]. 2012 Jun 1 [cited 2021 Dec 1];44(7):581-7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22674240/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22674240...
) , 1 (4%), en varios países como India ( 33Chhabra HS, Sharma S, Verma S. Smartphone app in self-management of chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Spine J. 2018 Oct 15;27(11):2862-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-...
) , Holanda ( 7Suman A, Schaafsma FG, van Dongen JM, Elders PJM, Buchbinder R, van Tulder MW, et al. Effectiveness and cost-utility of a multifaceted eHealth strategy to improve back pain beliefs of patients with non-specific low back pain: a cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open. 2019 Dec 5;9(12):e030879. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030879
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
) , Irán ( 15Abadiyan F, Hadadnezhad M, Khosrokiani Z, Letafatkar A, Akhshik H. Adding a smartphone app to global postural re-education to improve neck pain, posture, quality of life, and endurance in people with nonspecific neck pain: a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2021 Apr 12;22(1):274. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214-8
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214...
) , Jordania ( 16Almhdawi KA, Obeidat DS, Kanaan SF, Oteir AO, Mansour ZM, Alrabbaei H. Efficacy of an innovative smartphone application for office workers with chronic non-specific low back pain: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2020 Oct;34(10):1282-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757
https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757...
) , Italia ( 34Gialanella B, Ettori T, Faustini S, Baratti D, Bernocchi P, Comini L, et al. Home-based telemedicine in patients with chronic neck pain. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2017 May;96(5):327-32. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000000610
https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.000000000000...
) , Dinamarca y Noruega ( 22Sandal LF, Bach K, Øverås CK, Svendsen MJ, Dalager T, Jensen JSD, et al. Effectiveness of app-delivered, tailored self-management support for adults with lower back pain–related disability. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Oct 1;181(10):1288-96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4097
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
) . El total general de participantes fue 5142, con un rango de 30 a 779 participantes por estudio, 9 (36%) estudios tenían un tamaño de muestra menor a 100 participantes ( 2Toelle TR, Utpadel-Fischler DA, Haas KK, Priebe JA. App-based multidisciplinary back pain treatment versus combined physiotherapy plus online education: a randomized controlled trial. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 May 3 [cited 2022 Feb 19];2:34. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0109-x#author-information
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 14Moessner M, Schiltenwolf M, Neubauer E. Internet-based aftercare for patients with back pain - a pilot study. Telemed J E Health. 2012 Jul-Aug;18(6):413-9. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2011.0221
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2011.0221...
; 15Abadiyan F, Hadadnezhad M, Khosrokiani Z, Letafatkar A, Akhshik H. Adding a smartphone app to global postural re-education to improve neck pain, posture, quality of life, and endurance in people with nonspecific neck pain: a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2021 Apr 12;22(1):274. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214-8
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214...
; 16Almhdawi KA, Obeidat DS, Kanaan SF, Oteir AO, Mansour ZM, Alrabbaei H. Efficacy of an innovative smartphone application for office workers with chronic non-specific low back pain: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2020 Oct;34(10):1282-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757
https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757...
; 17Lara-Palomo IC, Antequera-Soler E, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, Fernández-Sánchez M, García-López H, Castro-Sánchez AM, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of an e-health program versus a home rehabilitation program in patients with chronic low back pain: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Digit Health [Internet]. 2022 Jan 28 [cited 2022 Feb 27];8:20552076221074482. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332...
; 18Zadro JR, Shirley D, Simic M, Mousavi SJ, Ceprnja D, Maka K, et al. Video-game–based exercises for older people with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlledtable trial (GAMEBACK). Phys Ther. 2019 Jan 1;99(1):14-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112...
- 19Amorim AB, Pappas E, Simic M, Ferreira ML, Jennings M, Tiedemann A, et al. Integrating Mobile-health, health coaching, and physical activity to reduce the burden of chronic low back pain trial (IMPACT): a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2019 Feb 11 [cited 2022 Apr 24];20(1):71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-...
, 30Iles R, Taylor NF, Davidson M, O’Halloran P. Telephone coaching can increase activity levels for people with non-chronic low back pain: a randomised trial. J Physiother [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2022 Feb 3];57(4):231-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22093121
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2209...
, 33Chhabra HS, Sharma S, Verma S. Smartphone app in self-management of chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Spine J. 2018 Oct 15;27(11):2862-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-...
) .

En lo que respecta a las tecnologías terapéuticas digitales, 9 (36%) utilizaron aplicaciones para smartphones ( 2Toelle TR, Utpadel-Fischler DA, Haas KK, Priebe JA. App-based multidisciplinary back pain treatment versus combined physiotherapy plus online education: a randomized controlled trial. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 May 3 [cited 2022 Feb 19];2:34. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0109-x#author-information
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 6Shebib R, Bailey JF, Smittenaar P, Perez DA, Mecklenburg G, Hunter S. Randomized controlled trial of a 12-week digital care program in improving low back pain. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 Jan 7 [cited 2022 May 2];2(1):1-8. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0076-7
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 15Abadiyan F, Hadadnezhad M, Khosrokiani Z, Letafatkar A, Akhshik H. Adding a smartphone app to global postural re-education to improve neck pain, posture, quality of life, and endurance in people with nonspecific neck pain: a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2021 Apr 12;22(1):274. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214-8
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214...
- 16Almhdawi KA, Obeidat DS, Kanaan SF, Oteir AO, Mansour ZM, Alrabbaei H. Efficacy of an innovative smartphone application for office workers with chronic non-specific low back pain: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2020 Oct;34(10):1282-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757
https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757...
, 19Amorim AB, Pappas E, Simic M, Ferreira ML, Jennings M, Tiedemann A, et al. Integrating Mobile-health, health coaching, and physical activity to reduce the burden of chronic low back pain trial (IMPACT): a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2019 Feb 11 [cited 2022 Apr 24];20(1):71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-...
, 22Sandal LF, Bach K, Øverås CK, Svendsen MJ, Dalager T, Jensen JSD, et al. Effectiveness of app-delivered, tailored self-management support for adults with lower back pain–related disability. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Oct 1;181(10):1288-96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4097
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
, 26Irvine AB, Russell H, Manocchia M, Mino DE, Glassen TC, Morgan R, et al. Mobile-web app to self-manage low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2015 Jan 2 [cited 2022 Feb 19];17(1):e3130. Available from: https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/
https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/...
, 31Pach D, Blödt S, Wang J, Keller T, Bergmann B, Rogge AA, et al. App-based relaxation exercises for patients with chronic neck pain: pragmatic randomized trial. JMIR MHealth UHealth. 2022 Jan 7;10(1):e31482. https://doi.org/10.2196/31482
https://doi.org/10.2196/31482...
, 33Chhabra HS, Sharma S, Verma S. Smartphone app in self-management of chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Spine J. 2018 Oct 15;27(11):2862-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-...
) , 9 (36%) sitios web y programas online ( 7Suman A, Schaafsma FG, van Dongen JM, Elders PJM, Buchbinder R, van Tulder MW, et al. Effectiveness and cost-utility of a multifaceted eHealth strategy to improve back pain beliefs of patients with non-specific low back pain: a cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open. 2019 Dec 5;9(12):e030879. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030879
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
- 9Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann T, Mulrow CD, et al. Mapping of reporting guidance for systematic reviews and meta-analyses generated a comprehensive item bank for future reporting guidelines. J Clin Epidemiol. 2020 Feb;118:60-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019.11.010
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019....
, 17Lara-Palomo IC, Antequera-Soler E, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, Fernández-Sánchez M, García-López H, Castro-Sánchez AM, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of an e-health program versus a home rehabilitation program in patients with chronic low back pain: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Digit Health [Internet]. 2022 Jan 28 [cited 2022 Feb 27];8:20552076221074482. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332...
, 20Petrozzi MJ, Leaver A, Ferreira PH, Rubinstein SM, Jones MK, Mackey MG. Addition of MoodGYM to physical treatments for chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Chiropr Man Therap. 2019 Oct 25;27(1):54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-...
, 23Carpenter KM, Stoner SA, Mundt JM, Stoelb B. An online self-help cbt intervention for chronic lower back pain. Clin J Pain. 2012 Jan;28(1):14-22. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e31822363db
https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e318223...
- 24Chiauzzi E, Pujol LA, Wood M, Bond K, Black R, Yiu E, et al. painACTION-back pain: a self-management website for people with chronic back pain. Pain Med. 2010 Jul;11(7):1044-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00879.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010...
, 27Krein SL, Kadri R, Hughes M, Kerr EA, Piette JD, Holleman R, et al. Pedometer-based internet-mediated intervention for adults with chronic low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2013 Aug 19;15(8):e2605. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605...
- 28Licciardone JC, Pandya V. Feasibility trial of an ehealth intervention for health-related quality of life: implications for managing patients with chronic pain during the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare. 2020 Oct 1;8(4):381. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8040381
https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare804038...
, 32del Pozo-Cruz B, Parraca JA, del Pozo-Cruz J, Adsuar JC, Hill J, Gusi N. An occupational, internet-based intervention to prevent chronicity in subacute lower back pain: a randomised controlled trial. J Rehabil Med [Internet]. 2012 Jun 1 [cited 2021 Dec 1];44(7):581-7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22674240/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22674240...
) , 2 (8%) teléfono ( 25Heapy AA, Higgins DM, Goulet JL, LaChappelle KM, Driscoll MA, Czlapinski RA, et al. interactive voice response–based self-management for chronic back pain: the COPES noninferiority randomized trial. JAMA Inter Med. 2017 Jun 1;177(6):765-73. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0223
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
, 30Iles R, Taylor NF, Davidson M, O’Halloran P. Telephone coaching can increase activity levels for people with non-chronic low back pain: a randomised trial. J Physiother [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2022 Feb 3];57(4):231-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22093121
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2209...
) , 1 (4%) conversación por chat ( 14Moessner M, Schiltenwolf M, Neubauer E. Internet-based aftercare for patients with back pain - a pilot study. Telemed J E Health. 2012 Jul-Aug;18(6):413-9. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2011.0221
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2011.0221...
) , 1 (4%) correo electrónico ( 29Lorig KR, Laurent DD, Deyo RA, Marnell ME, Minor MA, Ritter PL. Can a back pain e-mail discussion group improve health status and lower health care costs? Arch Intern Med. 2002 Apr 8;162(7):792-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.792
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.7...
) , 1 (4%) realidad virtual ( 21Garcia LM, Birckhead BJ, Krishnamurthy P, Sackman J, Mackey IG, Louis RG, et al. An 8-week self-administered at-home behavioral skills-based virtual reality program for chronic low back pain: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted during COVID-19. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Feb 22;23(2):e26292. https://doi.org/10.2196/26292
https://doi.org/10.2196/26292...
) , 1 (4%) telemedicina ( 34Gialanella B, Ettori T, Faustini S, Baratti D, Bernocchi P, Comini L, et al. Home-based telemedicine in patients with chronic neck pain. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2017 May;96(5):327-32. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000000610
https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.000000000000...
) ,1 (4%) videojuego ( 18Zadro JR, Shirley D, Simic M, Mousavi SJ, Ceprnja D, Maka K, et al. Video-game–based exercises for older people with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlledtable trial (GAMEBACK). Phys Ther. 2019 Jan 1;99(1):14-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112...
) . Generalmente, las intervenciones incluían ejercicios ( 2Toelle TR, Utpadel-Fischler DA, Haas KK, Priebe JA. App-based multidisciplinary back pain treatment versus combined physiotherapy plus online education: a randomized controlled trial. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 May 3 [cited 2022 Feb 19];2:34. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0109-x#author-information
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 6Shebib R, Bailey JF, Smittenaar P, Perez DA, Mecklenburg G, Hunter S. Randomized controlled trial of a 12-week digital care program in improving low back pain. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 Jan 7 [cited 2022 May 2];2(1):1-8. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0076-7
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
- 7Suman A, Schaafsma FG, van Dongen JM, Elders PJM, Buchbinder R, van Tulder MW, et al. Effectiveness and cost-utility of a multifaceted eHealth strategy to improve back pain beliefs of patients with non-specific low back pain: a cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open. 2019 Dec 5;9(12):e030879. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030879
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
, 15Abadiyan F, Hadadnezhad M, Khosrokiani Z, Letafatkar A, Akhshik H. Adding a smartphone app to global postural re-education to improve neck pain, posture, quality of life, and endurance in people with nonspecific neck pain: a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2021 Apr 12;22(1):274. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214-8
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214...
; 16Almhdawi KA, Obeidat DS, Kanaan SF, Oteir AO, Mansour ZM, Alrabbaei H. Efficacy of an innovative smartphone application for office workers with chronic non-specific low back pain: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2020 Oct;34(10):1282-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757
https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757...
; 17Lara-Palomo IC, Antequera-Soler E, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, Fernández-Sánchez M, García-López H, Castro-Sánchez AM, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of an e-health program versus a home rehabilitation program in patients with chronic low back pain: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Digit Health [Internet]. 2022 Jan 28 [cited 2022 Feb 27];8:20552076221074482. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332...
; 18Zadro JR, Shirley D, Simic M, Mousavi SJ, Ceprnja D, Maka K, et al. Video-game–based exercises for older people with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlledtable trial (GAMEBACK). Phys Ther. 2019 Jan 1;99(1):14-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112...
- 19Amorim AB, Pappas E, Simic M, Ferreira ML, Jennings M, Tiedemann A, et al. Integrating Mobile-health, health coaching, and physical activity to reduce the burden of chronic low back pain trial (IMPACT): a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2019 Feb 11 [cited 2022 Apr 24];20(1):71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-...
, 22Sandal LF, Bach K, Øverås CK, Svendsen MJ, Dalager T, Jensen JSD, et al. Effectiveness of app-delivered, tailored self-management support for adults with lower back pain–related disability. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Oct 1;181(10):1288-96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4097
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
, 27Krein SL, Kadri R, Hughes M, Kerr EA, Piette JD, Holleman R, et al. Pedometer-based internet-mediated intervention for adults with chronic low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2013 Aug 19;15(8):e2605. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605...
, 31Pach D, Blödt S, Wang J, Keller T, Bergmann B, Rogge AA, et al. App-based relaxation exercises for patients with chronic neck pain: pragmatic randomized trial. JMIR MHealth UHealth. 2022 Jan 7;10(1):e31482. https://doi.org/10.2196/31482
https://doi.org/10.2196/31482...
; 32del Pozo-Cruz B, Parraca JA, del Pozo-Cruz J, Adsuar JC, Hill J, Gusi N. An occupational, internet-based intervention to prevent chronicity in subacute lower back pain: a randomised controlled trial. J Rehabil Med [Internet]. 2012 Jun 1 [cited 2021 Dec 1];44(7):581-7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22674240/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22674240...
; 33Chhabra HS, Sharma S, Verma S. Smartphone app in self-management of chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Spine J. 2018 Oct 15;27(11):2862-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-...
- 34Gialanella B, Ettori T, Faustini S, Baratti D, Bernocchi P, Comini L, et al. Home-based telemedicine in patients with chronic neck pain. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2017 May;96(5):327-32. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000000610
https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.000000000000...
) , educación ( 2Toelle TR, Utpadel-Fischler DA, Haas KK, Priebe JA. App-based multidisciplinary back pain treatment versus combined physiotherapy plus online education: a randomized controlled trial. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 May 3 [cited 2022 Feb 19];2:34. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0109-x#author-information
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 6Shebib R, Bailey JF, Smittenaar P, Perez DA, Mecklenburg G, Hunter S. Randomized controlled trial of a 12-week digital care program in improving low back pain. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 Jan 7 [cited 2022 May 2];2(1):1-8. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0076-7
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
; 7Suman A, Schaafsma FG, van Dongen JM, Elders PJM, Buchbinder R, van Tulder MW, et al. Effectiveness and cost-utility of a multifaceted eHealth strategy to improve back pain beliefs of patients with non-specific low back pain: a cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open. 2019 Dec 5;9(12):e030879. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030879
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
- 8Hodges PW, Hall L, Setchell J, French S, Kasza J, Bennell K, et al. Effect of a consumer-focused website for low back pain on health literacy, treatment choices, and clinical outcomes: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Jun 15;23(6):e27860. https://doi.org/10.2196/27860
https://doi.org/10.2196/27860...
, 21Garcia LM, Birckhead BJ, Krishnamurthy P, Sackman J, Mackey IG, Louis RG, et al. An 8-week self-administered at-home behavioral skills-based virtual reality program for chronic low back pain: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted during COVID-19. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Feb 22;23(2):e26292. https://doi.org/10.2196/26292
https://doi.org/10.2196/26292...
; 22Sandal LF, Bach K, Øverås CK, Svendsen MJ, Dalager T, Jensen JSD, et al. Effectiveness of app-delivered, tailored self-management support for adults with lower back pain–related disability. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Oct 1;181(10):1288-96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4097
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
- 23Carpenter KM, Stoner SA, Mundt JM, Stoelb B. An online self-help cbt intervention for chronic lower back pain. Clin J Pain. 2012 Jan;28(1):14-22. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e31822363db
https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e318223...
, 26Irvine AB, Russell H, Manocchia M, Mino DE, Glassen TC, Morgan R, et al. Mobile-web app to self-manage low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2015 Jan 2 [cited 2022 Feb 19];17(1):e3130. Available from: https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/
https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/...
- 27Krein SL, Kadri R, Hughes M, Kerr EA, Piette JD, Holleman R, et al. Pedometer-based internet-mediated intervention for adults with chronic low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2013 Aug 19;15(8):e2605. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605...
, 29Lorig KR, Laurent DD, Deyo RA, Marnell ME, Minor MA, Ritter PL. Can a back pain e-mail discussion group improve health status and lower health care costs? Arch Intern Med. 2002 Apr 8;162(7):792-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.792
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.7...
, 32del Pozo-Cruz B, Parraca JA, del Pozo-Cruz J, Adsuar JC, Hill J, Gusi N. An occupational, internet-based intervention to prevent chronicity in subacute lower back pain: a randomised controlled trial. J Rehabil Med [Internet]. 2012 Jun 1 [cited 2021 Dec 1];44(7):581-7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22674240/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22674240...
) y TCC ( 6Shebib R, Bailey JF, Smittenaar P, Perez DA, Mecklenburg G, Hunter S. Randomized controlled trial of a 12-week digital care program in improving low back pain. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 Jan 7 [cited 2022 May 2];2(1):1-8. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0076-7
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 20Petrozzi MJ, Leaver A, Ferreira PH, Rubinstein SM, Jones MK, Mackey MG. Addition of MoodGYM to physical treatments for chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Chiropr Man Therap. 2019 Oct 25;27(1):54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-...
- 21Garcia LM, Birckhead BJ, Krishnamurthy P, Sackman J, Mackey IG, Louis RG, et al. An 8-week self-administered at-home behavioral skills-based virtual reality program for chronic low back pain: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted during COVID-19. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Feb 22;23(2):e26292. https://doi.org/10.2196/26292
https://doi.org/10.2196/26292...
, 23Carpenter KM, Stoner SA, Mundt JM, Stoelb B. An online self-help cbt intervention for chronic lower back pain. Clin J Pain. 2012 Jan;28(1):14-22. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e31822363db
https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e318223...
; 24Chiauzzi E, Pujol LA, Wood M, Bond K, Black R, Yiu E, et al. painACTION-back pain: a self-management website for people with chronic back pain. Pain Med. 2010 Jul;11(7):1044-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00879.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010...
; 25Heapy AA, Higgins DM, Goulet JL, LaChappelle KM, Driscoll MA, Czlapinski RA, et al. interactive voice response–based self-management for chronic back pain: the COPES noninferiority randomized trial. JAMA Inter Med. 2017 Jun 1;177(6):765-73. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0223
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
- 26Irvine AB, Russell H, Manocchia M, Mino DE, Glassen TC, Morgan R, et al. Mobile-web app to self-manage low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2015 Jan 2 [cited 2022 Feb 19];17(1):e3130. Available from: https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/
https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/...
, 30Iles R, Taylor NF, Davidson M, O’Halloran P. Telephone coaching can increase activity levels for people with non-chronic low back pain: a randomised trial. J Physiother [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2022 Feb 3];57(4):231-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22093121
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2209...
) . Los ejercicios se proporcionaron en forma de videos, audios o instrucciones basadas en imágenes y podían o no tener feedback sobre el desempeño. Además, contaban con tecnología con sensores para evaluar las actividades ( 33Chhabra HS, Sharma S, Verma S. Smartphone app in self-management of chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Spine J. 2018 Oct 15;27(11):2862-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-...
) , ejercicios con sensores vestibles ( 6Shebib R, Bailey JF, Smittenaar P, Perez DA, Mecklenburg G, Hunter S. Randomized controlled trial of a 12-week digital care program in improving low back pain. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 Jan 7 [cited 2022 May 2];2(1):1-8. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0076-7
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
) , el uso de un podómetro ( 27Krein SL, Kadri R, Hughes M, Kerr EA, Piette JD, Holleman R, et al. Pedometer-based internet-mediated intervention for adults with chronic low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2013 Aug 19;15(8):e2605. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605...
) y rastreador de actividad ( 19Amorim AB, Pappas E, Simic M, Ferreira ML, Jennings M, Tiedemann A, et al. Integrating Mobile-health, health coaching, and physical activity to reduce the burden of chronic low back pain trial (IMPACT): a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2019 Feb 11 [cited 2022 Apr 24];20(1):71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-...
) . El material educativo se refirió al dolor relacionado con la columna vertebral y un estudio se basó en la neurociencia del dolor ( 21Garcia LM, Birckhead BJ, Krishnamurthy P, Sackman J, Mackey IG, Louis RG, et al. An 8-week self-administered at-home behavioral skills-based virtual reality program for chronic low back pain: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted during COVID-19. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Feb 22;23(2):e26292. https://doi.org/10.2196/26292
https://doi.org/10.2196/26292...
) . Las intervenciones psicosociales generalmente se basaron en la TCC e incluyeron estrategias conductuales, reestructuración cognitiva, manejo del estrés, relajación, atención plena y prácticas de afrontamiento. En cuanto a la base teórica de las intervenciones, 12 (48%) implementaron los tratamientos con principios basados en evidencia.

En cuanto a la región de la columna afectada, 22 (88%) estudios investigaron el dolor en la región lumbar, se observó una prevalencia del 90,9% de dolor crónico; 1 (4,5%) estudio evaluó la lumbalgia subaguda no específica ( 32del Pozo-Cruz B, Parraca JA, del Pozo-Cruz J, Adsuar JC, Hill J, Gusi N. An occupational, internet-based intervention to prevent chronicity in subacute lower back pain: a randomised controlled trial. J Rehabil Med [Internet]. 2012 Jun 1 [cited 2021 Dec 1];44(7):581-7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22674240/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22674240...
) , 1 (4,5%) la lumbalgia de cualquier duración ( 8Hodges PW, Hall L, Setchell J, French S, Kasza J, Bennell K, et al. Effect of a consumer-focused website for low back pain on health literacy, treatment choices, and clinical outcomes: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Jun 15;23(6):e27860. https://doi.org/10.2196/27860
https://doi.org/10.2196/27860...
) y 3 (12%) estudios, el dolor de la región cervical ( 15Abadiyan F, Hadadnezhad M, Khosrokiani Z, Letafatkar A, Akhshik H. Adding a smartphone app to global postural re-education to improve neck pain, posture, quality of life, and endurance in people with nonspecific neck pain: a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2021 Apr 12;22(1):274. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214-8
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214...
, 31Pach D, Blödt S, Wang J, Keller T, Bergmann B, Rogge AA, et al. App-based relaxation exercises for patients with chronic neck pain: pragmatic randomized trial. JMIR MHealth UHealth. 2022 Jan 7;10(1):e31482. https://doi.org/10.2196/31482
https://doi.org/10.2196/31482...
, 34Gialanella B, Ettori T, Faustini S, Baratti D, Bernocchi P, Comini L, et al. Home-based telemedicine in patients with chronic neck pain. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2017 May;96(5):327-32. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000000610
https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.000000000000...
) . A pesar de que en esta revisión se consideró como dolor lumbar crónico, los estudios ( 7Suman A, Schaafsma FG, van Dongen JM, Elders PJM, Buchbinder R, van Tulder MW, et al. Effectiveness and cost-utility of a multifaceted eHealth strategy to improve back pain beliefs of patients with non-specific low back pain: a cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open. 2019 Dec 5;9(12):e030879. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030879
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
, 22Sandal LF, Bach K, Øverås CK, Svendsen MJ, Dalager T, Jensen JSD, et al. Effectiveness of app-delivered, tailored self-management support for adults with lower back pain–related disability. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Oct 1;181(10):1288-96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4097
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
) no aclararon si todos los participantes tenían dolor lumbar crónico inespecífico. Los instrumentos más comunes para evaluar el dolor fueron la VAS y la NRS. Un estudio mencionó que usó el Brief Pain Inventory ( 24Chiauzzi E, Pujol LA, Wood M, Bond K, Black R, Yiu E, et al. painACTION-back pain: a self-management website for people with chronic back pain. Pain Med. 2010 Jul;11(7):1044-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00879.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010...
) y otro que utilizó un cuestionario con frecuencia, intensidad y duración del dolor ( 26Irvine AB, Russell H, Manocchia M, Mino DE, Glassen TC, Morgan R, et al. Mobile-web app to self-manage low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2015 Jan 2 [cited 2022 Feb 19];17(1):e3130. Available from: https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/
https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/...
) . El cuestionario más utilizado para evaluar la discapacidad funcional fue el Cuestionario de Discapacidad de Roland Morris seguido del Índice de Discapacidad de Oswestry.

Las intervenciones, para facilitar los cambios de comportamiento y brindar una mejor orientación, se basaron en estrategias para aumentar la adherencia y el seguimiento, como definir de metas ( 6Shebib R, Bailey JF, Smittenaar P, Perez DA, Mecklenburg G, Hunter S. Randomized controlled trial of a 12-week digital care program in improving low back pain. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 Jan 7 [cited 2022 May 2];2(1):1-8. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0076-7
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 22Sandal LF, Bach K, Øverås CK, Svendsen MJ, Dalager T, Jensen JSD, et al. Effectiveness of app-delivered, tailored self-management support for adults with lower back pain–related disability. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Oct 1;181(10):1288-96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4097
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
, 24Chiauzzi E, Pujol LA, Wood M, Bond K, Black R, Yiu E, et al. painACTION-back pain: a self-management website for people with chronic back pain. Pain Med. 2010 Jul;11(7):1044-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00879.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010...
, 27Krein SL, Kadri R, Hughes M, Kerr EA, Piette JD, Holleman R, et al. Pedometer-based internet-mediated intervention for adults with chronic low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2013 Aug 19;15(8):e2605. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605...
, 30Iles R, Taylor NF, Davidson M, O’Halloran P. Telephone coaching can increase activity levels for people with non-chronic low back pain: a randomised trial. J Physiother [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2022 Feb 3];57(4):231-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22093121
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2209...
, 33Chhabra HS, Sharma S, Verma S. Smartphone app in self-management of chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Spine J. 2018 Oct 15;27(11):2862-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-...
) , usar plataformas de redes sociales para brindar apoyo social ( 2Toelle TR, Utpadel-Fischler DA, Haas KK, Priebe JA. App-based multidisciplinary back pain treatment versus combined physiotherapy plus online education: a randomized controlled trial. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 May 3 [cited 2022 Feb 19];2:34. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0109-x#author-information
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 7Suman A, Schaafsma FG, van Dongen JM, Elders PJM, Buchbinder R, van Tulder MW, et al. Effectiveness and cost-utility of a multifaceted eHealth strategy to improve back pain beliefs of patients with non-specific low back pain: a cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open. 2019 Dec 5;9(12):e030879. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030879
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
) , enviar mensajes educativos ( 16Almhdawi KA, Obeidat DS, Kanaan SF, Oteir AO, Mansour ZM, Alrabbaei H. Efficacy of an innovative smartphone application for office workers with chronic non-specific low back pain: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2020 Oct;34(10):1282-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757
https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757...
, 22Sandal LF, Bach K, Øverås CK, Svendsen MJ, Dalager T, Jensen JSD, et al. Effectiveness of app-delivered, tailored self-management support for adults with lower back pain–related disability. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Oct 1;181(10):1288-96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4097
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
) , registrar los niveles de actividad ( 2Toelle TR, Utpadel-Fischler DA, Haas KK, Priebe JA. App-based multidisciplinary back pain treatment versus combined physiotherapy plus online education: a randomized controlled trial. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 May 3 [cited 2022 Feb 19];2:34. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0109-x#author-information
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 18Zadro JR, Shirley D, Simic M, Mousavi SJ, Ceprnja D, Maka K, et al. Video-game–based exercises for older people with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlledtable trial (GAMEBACK). Phys Ther. 2019 Jan 1;99(1):14-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112...
) , enviar recordatorios de ejercicio ( 16Almhdawi KA, Obeidat DS, Kanaan SF, Oteir AO, Mansour ZM, Alrabbaei H. Efficacy of an innovative smartphone application for office workers with chronic non-specific low back pain: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2020 Oct;34(10):1282-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757
https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757...
, 22Sandal LF, Bach K, Øverås CK, Svendsen MJ, Dalager T, Jensen JSD, et al. Effectiveness of app-delivered, tailored self-management support for adults with lower back pain–related disability. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Oct 1;181(10):1288-96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4097
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
, 31Pach D, Blödt S, Wang J, Keller T, Bergmann B, Rogge AA, et al. App-based relaxation exercises for patients with chronic neck pain: pragmatic randomized trial. JMIR MHealth UHealth. 2022 Jan 7;10(1):e31482. https://doi.org/10.2196/31482
https://doi.org/10.2196/31482...
, 33Chhabra HS, Sharma S, Verma S. Smartphone app in self-management of chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Spine J. 2018 Oct 15;27(11):2862-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-...
) , recomendaciones personalizadas de ejercicio ( 2Toelle TR, Utpadel-Fischler DA, Haas KK, Priebe JA. App-based multidisciplinary back pain treatment versus combined physiotherapy plus online education: a randomized controlled trial. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 May 3 [cited 2022 Feb 19];2:34. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0109-x#author-information
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 17Lara-Palomo IC, Antequera-Soler E, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, Fernández-Sánchez M, García-López H, Castro-Sánchez AM, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of an e-health program versus a home rehabilitation program in patients with chronic low back pain: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Digit Health [Internet]. 2022 Jan 28 [cited 2022 Feb 27];8:20552076221074482. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332...
, 19Amorim AB, Pappas E, Simic M, Ferreira ML, Jennings M, Tiedemann A, et al. Integrating Mobile-health, health coaching, and physical activity to reduce the burden of chronic low back pain trial (IMPACT): a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2019 Feb 11 [cited 2022 Apr 24];20(1):71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-...
, 27Krein SL, Kadri R, Hughes M, Kerr EA, Piette JD, Holleman R, et al. Pedometer-based internet-mediated intervention for adults with chronic low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2013 Aug 19;15(8):e2605. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605...
) , mensajes motivacionales ( 8Hodges PW, Hall L, Setchell J, French S, Kasza J, Bennell K, et al. Effect of a consumer-focused website for low back pain on health literacy, treatment choices, and clinical outcomes: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Jun 15;23(6):e27860. https://doi.org/10.2196/27860
https://doi.org/10.2196/27860...
, 27Krein SL, Kadri R, Hughes M, Kerr EA, Piette JD, Holleman R, et al. Pedometer-based internet-mediated intervention for adults with chronic low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2013 Aug 19;15(8):e2605. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605...
) , monitorear los síntomas ( 6Shebib R, Bailey JF, Smittenaar P, Perez DA, Mecklenburg G, Hunter S. Randomized controlled trial of a 12-week digital care program in improving low back pain. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 Jan 7 [cited 2022 May 2];2(1):1-8. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0076-7
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 14Moessner M, Schiltenwolf M, Neubauer E. Internet-based aftercare for patients with back pain - a pilot study. Telemed J E Health. 2012 Jul-Aug;18(6):413-9. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2011.0221
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2011.0221...
- 15Abadiyan F, Hadadnezhad M, Khosrokiani Z, Letafatkar A, Akhshik H. Adding a smartphone app to global postural re-education to improve neck pain, posture, quality of life, and endurance in people with nonspecific neck pain: a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2021 Apr 12;22(1):274. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214-8
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214...
, 19Amorim AB, Pappas E, Simic M, Ferreira ML, Jennings M, Tiedemann A, et al. Integrating Mobile-health, health coaching, and physical activity to reduce the burden of chronic low back pain trial (IMPACT): a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2019 Feb 11 [cited 2022 Apr 24];20(1):71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-...
, 24Chiauzzi E, Pujol LA, Wood M, Bond K, Black R, Yiu E, et al. painACTION-back pain: a self-management website for people with chronic back pain. Pain Med. 2010 Jul;11(7):1044-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00879.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010...
; 25Heapy AA, Higgins DM, Goulet JL, LaChappelle KM, Driscoll MA, Czlapinski RA, et al. interactive voice response–based self-management for chronic back pain: the COPES noninferiority randomized trial. JAMA Inter Med. 2017 Jun 1;177(6):765-73. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0223
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
- 26Irvine AB, Russell H, Manocchia M, Mino DE, Glassen TC, Morgan R, et al. Mobile-web app to self-manage low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2015 Jan 2 [cited 2022 Feb 19];17(1):e3130. Available from: https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/
https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/...
) , utilizar recordatorios de postura correcta ( 15Abadiyan F, Hadadnezhad M, Khosrokiani Z, Letafatkar A, Akhshik H. Adding a smartphone app to global postural re-education to improve neck pain, posture, quality of life, and endurance in people with nonspecific neck pain: a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2021 Apr 12;22(1):274. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214-8
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214...
- 16Almhdawi KA, Obeidat DS, Kanaan SF, Oteir AO, Mansour ZM, Alrabbaei H. Efficacy of an innovative smartphone application for office workers with chronic non-specific low back pain: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2020 Oct;34(10):1282-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757
https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757...
, 20Petrozzi MJ, Leaver A, Ferreira PH, Rubinstein SM, Jones MK, Mackey MG. Addition of MoodGYM to physical treatments for chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Chiropr Man Therap. 2019 Oct 25;27(1):54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-...
, 24Chiauzzi E, Pujol LA, Wood M, Bond K, Black R, Yiu E, et al. painACTION-back pain: a self-management website for people with chronic back pain. Pain Med. 2010 Jul;11(7):1044-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00879.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010...
, 32del Pozo-Cruz B, Parraca JA, del Pozo-Cruz J, Adsuar JC, Hill J, Gusi N. An occupational, internet-based intervention to prevent chronicity in subacute lower back pain: a randomised controlled trial. J Rehabil Med [Internet]. 2012 Jun 1 [cited 2021 Dec 1];44(7):581-7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22674240/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22674240...
) , ejercicios con animación y audio ( 21Garcia LM, Birckhead BJ, Krishnamurthy P, Sackman J, Mackey IG, Louis RG, et al. An 8-week self-administered at-home behavioral skills-based virtual reality program for chronic low back pain: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted during COVID-19. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Feb 22;23(2):e26292. https://doi.org/10.2196/26292
https://doi.org/10.2196/26292...
, 23Carpenter KM, Stoner SA, Mundt JM, Stoelb B. An online self-help cbt intervention for chronic lower back pain. Clin J Pain. 2012 Jan;28(1):14-22. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e31822363db
https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e318223...
, 29Lorig KR, Laurent DD, Deyo RA, Marnell ME, Minor MA, Ritter PL. Can a back pain e-mail discussion group improve health status and lower health care costs? Arch Intern Med. 2002 Apr 8;162(7):792-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.792
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.7...
) y sistemas de recompensa ( 22Sandal LF, Bach K, Øverås CK, Svendsen MJ, Dalager T, Jensen JSD, et al. Effectiveness of app-delivered, tailored self-management support for adults with lower back pain–related disability. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Oct 1;181(10):1288-96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4097
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
, 23Carpenter KM, Stoner SA, Mundt JM, Stoelb B. An online self-help cbt intervention for chronic lower back pain. Clin J Pain. 2012 Jan;28(1):14-22. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e31822363db
https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e318223...
) . No todos los artículos mencionaron los niveles de compromiso ni tuvieron intervenciones que ayudan a la toma de decisiones.

En lo que respecta a los eventos adversos, la mayoría de las intervenciones no tuvo efectos adversos o no fueron informados por los autores. La mayoría se relacionó con un aumento del dolor con el ejercicio ( 25Heapy AA, Higgins DM, Goulet JL, LaChappelle KM, Driscoll MA, Czlapinski RA, et al. interactive voice response–based self-management for chronic back pain: the COPES noninferiority randomized trial. JAMA Inter Med. 2017 Jun 1;177(6):765-73. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0223
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
, 27Krein SL, Kadri R, Hughes M, Kerr EA, Piette JD, Holleman R, et al. Pedometer-based internet-mediated intervention for adults with chronic low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2013 Aug 19;15(8):e2605. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605...
) . Se han reportado más eventos musculoesqueléticos que cardiovasculares, sin evidencia de daño excesivo ( 27Krein SL, Kadri R, Hughes M, Kerr EA, Piette JD, Holleman R, et al. Pedometer-based internet-mediated intervention for adults with chronic low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2013 Aug 19;15(8):e2605. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605...
) . Algunos participantes informaron dolor leve o moderado a corto plazo asociado con el ejercicio ( 20Petrozzi MJ, Leaver A, Ferreira PH, Rubinstein SM, Jones MK, Mackey MG. Addition of MoodGYM to physical treatments for chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Chiropr Man Therap. 2019 Oct 25;27(1):54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-...
) .

El dolor y la discapacidad se midieron simultáneamente en 19 estudios ( 2Toelle TR, Utpadel-Fischler DA, Haas KK, Priebe JA. App-based multidisciplinary back pain treatment versus combined physiotherapy plus online education: a randomized controlled trial. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 May 3 [cited 2022 Feb 19];2:34. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0109-x#author-information
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 6Shebib R, Bailey JF, Smittenaar P, Perez DA, Mecklenburg G, Hunter S. Randomized controlled trial of a 12-week digital care program in improving low back pain. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 Jan 7 [cited 2022 May 2];2(1):1-8. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0076-7
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 8Hodges PW, Hall L, Setchell J, French S, Kasza J, Bennell K, et al. Effect of a consumer-focused website for low back pain on health literacy, treatment choices, and clinical outcomes: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Jun 15;23(6):e27860. https://doi.org/10.2196/27860
https://doi.org/10.2196/27860...
, 14Moessner M, Schiltenwolf M, Neubauer E. Internet-based aftercare for patients with back pain - a pilot study. Telemed J E Health. 2012 Jul-Aug;18(6):413-9. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2011.0221
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2011.0221...
; 15Abadiyan F, Hadadnezhad M, Khosrokiani Z, Letafatkar A, Akhshik H. Adding a smartphone app to global postural re-education to improve neck pain, posture, quality of life, and endurance in people with nonspecific neck pain: a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2021 Apr 12;22(1):274. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214-8
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214...
; 16Almhdawi KA, Obeidat DS, Kanaan SF, Oteir AO, Mansour ZM, Alrabbaei H. Efficacy of an innovative smartphone application for office workers with chronic non-specific low back pain: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2020 Oct;34(10):1282-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757
https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757...
- 17Lara-Palomo IC, Antequera-Soler E, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, Fernández-Sánchez M, García-López H, Castro-Sánchez AM, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of an e-health program versus a home rehabilitation program in patients with chronic low back pain: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Digit Health [Internet]. 2022 Jan 28 [cited 2022 Feb 27];8:20552076221074482. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332...
, 19Amorim AB, Pappas E, Simic M, Ferreira ML, Jennings M, Tiedemann A, et al. Integrating Mobile-health, health coaching, and physical activity to reduce the burden of chronic low back pain trial (IMPACT): a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2019 Feb 11 [cited 2022 Apr 24];20(1):71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-...
- 20Petrozzi MJ, Leaver A, Ferreira PH, Rubinstein SM, Jones MK, Mackey MG. Addition of MoodGYM to physical treatments for chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Chiropr Man Therap. 2019 Oct 25;27(1):54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-...
, 22Sandal LF, Bach K, Øverås CK, Svendsen MJ, Dalager T, Jensen JSD, et al. Effectiveness of app-delivered, tailored self-management support for adults with lower back pain–related disability. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Oct 1;181(10):1288-96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4097
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
; 23Carpenter KM, Stoner SA, Mundt JM, Stoelb B. An online self-help cbt intervention for chronic lower back pain. Clin J Pain. 2012 Jan;28(1):14-22. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e31822363db
https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e318223...
; 24Chiauzzi E, Pujol LA, Wood M, Bond K, Black R, Yiu E, et al. painACTION-back pain: a self-management website for people with chronic back pain. Pain Med. 2010 Jul;11(7):1044-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00879.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010...
; 25Heapy AA, Higgins DM, Goulet JL, LaChappelle KM, Driscoll MA, Czlapinski RA, et al. interactive voice response–based self-management for chronic back pain: the COPES noninferiority randomized trial. JAMA Inter Med. 2017 Jun 1;177(6):765-73. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0223
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
; 26Irvine AB, Russell H, Manocchia M, Mino DE, Glassen TC, Morgan R, et al. Mobile-web app to self-manage low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2015 Jan 2 [cited 2022 Feb 19];17(1):e3130. Available from: https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/
https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/...
; 27Krein SL, Kadri R, Hughes M, Kerr EA, Piette JD, Holleman R, et al. Pedometer-based internet-mediated intervention for adults with chronic low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2013 Aug 19;15(8):e2605. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605...
; 28Licciardone JC, Pandya V. Feasibility trial of an ehealth intervention for health-related quality of life: implications for managing patients with chronic pain during the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare. 2020 Oct 1;8(4):381. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8040381
https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare804038...
- 29Lorig KR, Laurent DD, Deyo RA, Marnell ME, Minor MA, Ritter PL. Can a back pain e-mail discussion group improve health status and lower health care costs? Arch Intern Med. 2002 Apr 8;162(7):792-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.792
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.7...
, 33Chhabra HS, Sharma S, Verma S. Smartphone app in self-management of chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Spine J. 2018 Oct 15;27(11):2862-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-...
- 34Gialanella B, Ettori T, Faustini S, Baratti D, Bernocchi P, Comini L, et al. Home-based telemedicine in patients with chronic neck pain. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2017 May;96(5):327-32. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000000610
https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.000000000000...
) , 2 evaluaron solo la intensidad del dolor ( 21Garcia LM, Birckhead BJ, Krishnamurthy P, Sackman J, Mackey IG, Louis RG, et al. An 8-week self-administered at-home behavioral skills-based virtual reality program for chronic low back pain: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted during COVID-19. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Feb 22;23(2):e26292. https://doi.org/10.2196/26292
https://doi.org/10.2196/26292...
, 31Pach D, Blödt S, Wang J, Keller T, Bergmann B, Rogge AA, et al. App-based relaxation exercises for patients with chronic neck pain: pragmatic randomized trial. JMIR MHealth UHealth. 2022 Jan 7;10(1):e31482. https://doi.org/10.2196/31482
https://doi.org/10.2196/31482...
) y 3 evaluaron solo la discapacidad funcional ( 7Suman A, Schaafsma FG, van Dongen JM, Elders PJM, Buchbinder R, van Tulder MW, et al. Effectiveness and cost-utility of a multifaceted eHealth strategy to improve back pain beliefs of patients with non-specific low back pain: a cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open. 2019 Dec 5;9(12):e030879. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030879
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
, 30Iles R, Taylor NF, Davidson M, O’Halloran P. Telephone coaching can increase activity levels for people with non-chronic low back pain: a randomised trial. J Physiother [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2022 Feb 3];57(4):231-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22093121
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2209...
, 32del Pozo-Cruz B, Parraca JA, del Pozo-Cruz J, Adsuar JC, Hill J, Gusi N. An occupational, internet-based intervention to prevent chronicity in subacute lower back pain: a randomised controlled trial. J Rehabil Med [Internet]. 2012 Jun 1 [cited 2021 Dec 1];44(7):581-7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22674240/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22674240...
) . En algunos estudios, esos no fueron los resultados primarios. También se evaluaron muchas otras medidas de resultado, como la autoeficacia ( 18Zadro JR, Shirley D, Simic M, Mousavi SJ, Ceprnja D, Maka K, et al. Video-game–based exercises for older people with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlledtable trial (GAMEBACK). Phys Ther. 2019 Jan 1;99(1):14-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112...
, 20Petrozzi MJ, Leaver A, Ferreira PH, Rubinstein SM, Jones MK, Mackey MG. Addition of MoodGYM to physical treatments for chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Chiropr Man Therap. 2019 Oct 25;27(1):54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-...
; 21Garcia LM, Birckhead BJ, Krishnamurthy P, Sackman J, Mackey IG, Louis RG, et al. An 8-week self-administered at-home behavioral skills-based virtual reality program for chronic low back pain: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted during COVID-19. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Feb 22;23(2):e26292. https://doi.org/10.2196/26292
https://doi.org/10.2196/26292...
; 22Sandal LF, Bach K, Øverås CK, Svendsen MJ, Dalager T, Jensen JSD, et al. Effectiveness of app-delivered, tailored self-management support for adults with lower back pain–related disability. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Oct 1;181(10):1288-96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4097
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
; 23Carpenter KM, Stoner SA, Mundt JM, Stoelb B. An online self-help cbt intervention for chronic lower back pain. Clin J Pain. 2012 Jan;28(1):14-22. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e31822363db
https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e318223...
- 24Chiauzzi E, Pujol LA, Wood M, Bond K, Black R, Yiu E, et al. painACTION-back pain: a self-management website for people with chronic back pain. Pain Med. 2010 Jul;11(7):1044-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00879.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010...
, 26Irvine AB, Russell H, Manocchia M, Mino DE, Glassen TC, Morgan R, et al. Mobile-web app to self-manage low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2015 Jan 2 [cited 2022 Feb 19];17(1):e3130. Available from: https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/
https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/...
- 27Krein SL, Kadri R, Hughes M, Kerr EA, Piette JD, Holleman R, et al. Pedometer-based internet-mediated intervention for adults with chronic low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2013 Aug 19;15(8):e2605. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605...
, 29Lorig KR, Laurent DD, Deyo RA, Marnell ME, Minor MA, Ritter PL. Can a back pain e-mail discussion group improve health status and lower health care costs? Arch Intern Med. 2002 Apr 8;162(7):792-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.792
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.7...
- 30Iles R, Taylor NF, Davidson M, O’Halloran P. Telephone coaching can increase activity levels for people with non-chronic low back pain: a randomised trial. J Physiother [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2022 Feb 3];57(4):231-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22093121
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2209...
) , calidad de vida ( 2Toelle TR, Utpadel-Fischler DA, Haas KK, Priebe JA. App-based multidisciplinary back pain treatment versus combined physiotherapy plus online education: a randomized controlled trial. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 May 3 [cited 2022 Feb 19];2:34. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0109-x#author-information
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 7Suman A, Schaafsma FG, van Dongen JM, Elders PJM, Buchbinder R, van Tulder MW, et al. Effectiveness and cost-utility of a multifaceted eHealth strategy to improve back pain beliefs of patients with non-specific low back pain: a cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open. 2019 Dec 5;9(12):e030879. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030879
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
- 8Hodges PW, Hall L, Setchell J, French S, Kasza J, Bennell K, et al. Effect of a consumer-focused website for low back pain on health literacy, treatment choices, and clinical outcomes: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Jun 15;23(6):e27860. https://doi.org/10.2196/27860
https://doi.org/10.2196/27860...
, 15Abadiyan F, Hadadnezhad M, Khosrokiani Z, Letafatkar A, Akhshik H. Adding a smartphone app to global postural re-education to improve neck pain, posture, quality of life, and endurance in people with nonspecific neck pain: a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2021 Apr 12;22(1):274. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214-8
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214...
; 16Almhdawi KA, Obeidat DS, Kanaan SF, Oteir AO, Mansour ZM, Alrabbaei H. Efficacy of an innovative smartphone application for office workers with chronic non-specific low back pain: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2020 Oct;34(10):1282-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757
https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757...
- 17Lara-Palomo IC, Antequera-Soler E, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, Fernández-Sánchez M, García-López H, Castro-Sánchez AM, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of an e-health program versus a home rehabilitation program in patients with chronic low back pain: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Digit Health [Internet]. 2022 Jan 28 [cited 2022 Feb 27];8:20552076221074482. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332...
, 22Sandal LF, Bach K, Øverås CK, Svendsen MJ, Dalager T, Jensen JSD, et al. Effectiveness of app-delivered, tailored self-management support for adults with lower back pain–related disability. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Oct 1;181(10):1288-96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4097
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
, 25Heapy AA, Higgins DM, Goulet JL, LaChappelle KM, Driscoll MA, Czlapinski RA, et al. interactive voice response–based self-management for chronic back pain: the COPES noninferiority randomized trial. JAMA Inter Med. 2017 Jun 1;177(6):765-73. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0223
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
- 26Irvine AB, Russell H, Manocchia M, Mino DE, Glassen TC, Morgan R, et al. Mobile-web app to self-manage low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2015 Jan 2 [cited 2022 Feb 19];17(1):e3130. Available from: https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/
https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/...
, 32del Pozo-Cruz B, Parraca JA, del Pozo-Cruz J, Adsuar JC, Hill J, Gusi N. An occupational, internet-based intervention to prevent chronicity in subacute lower back pain: a randomised controlled trial. J Rehabil Med [Internet]. 2012 Jun 1 [cited 2021 Dec 1];44(7):581-7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22674240/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22674240...
) , búsqueda de atención ( 18Zadro JR, Shirley D, Simic M, Mousavi SJ, Ceprnja D, Maka K, et al. Video-game–based exercises for older people with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlledtable trial (GAMEBACK). Phys Ther. 2019 Jan 1;99(1):14-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112...
- 19Amorim AB, Pappas E, Simic M, Ferreira ML, Jennings M, Tiedemann A, et al. Integrating Mobile-health, health coaching, and physical activity to reduce the burden of chronic low back pain trial (IMPACT): a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2019 Feb 11 [cited 2022 Apr 24];20(1):71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-...
, 29Lorig KR, Laurent DD, Deyo RA, Marnell ME, Minor MA, Ritter PL. Can a back pain e-mail discussion group improve health status and lower health care costs? Arch Intern Med. 2002 Apr 8;162(7):792-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.792
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.7...
) y creencia de dolor ( 7Suman A, Schaafsma FG, van Dongen JM, Elders PJM, Buchbinder R, van Tulder MW, et al. Effectiveness and cost-utility of a multifaceted eHealth strategy to improve back pain beliefs of patients with non-specific low back pain: a cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open. 2019 Dec 5;9(12):e030879. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030879
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
, 24Chiauzzi E, Pujol LA, Wood M, Bond K, Black R, Yiu E, et al. painACTION-back pain: a self-management website for people with chronic back pain. Pain Med. 2010 Jul;11(7):1044-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00879.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010...
) . El seguimiento varió de 1 a 12 meses.

Con respecto a los resultados de la intensidad del dolor y la discapacidad funcional, la comparación entre los grupos reveló mejoras estadísticamente significativas (p<0,05) del 54 % (12/22) en los niveles de dolor y del 47 % (10/21) en la capacidad funcional del grupo intervención. También hubo resultados adicionales que mostraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos a favor del grupo intervención, como actividad física ( 19Amorim AB, Pappas E, Simic M, Ferreira ML, Jennings M, Tiedemann A, et al. Integrating Mobile-health, health coaching, and physical activity to reduce the burden of chronic low back pain trial (IMPACT): a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2019 Feb 11 [cited 2022 Apr 24];20(1):71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-...
, 33Chhabra HS, Sharma S, Verma S. Smartphone app in self-management of chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Spine J. 2018 Oct 15;27(11):2862-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-...
) , bienestar y calidad de vida ( 16Almhdawi KA, Obeidat DS, Kanaan SF, Oteir AO, Mansour ZM, Alrabbaei H. Efficacy of an innovative smartphone application for office workers with chronic non-specific low back pain: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2020 Oct;34(10):1282-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757
https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757...
- 17Lara-Palomo IC, Antequera-Soler E, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, Fernández-Sánchez M, García-López H, Castro-Sánchez AM, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of an e-health program versus a home rehabilitation program in patients with chronic low back pain: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Digit Health [Internet]. 2022 Jan 28 [cited 2022 Feb 27];8:20552076221074482. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332...
, 21Garcia LM, Birckhead BJ, Krishnamurthy P, Sackman J, Mackey IG, Louis RG, et al. An 8-week self-administered at-home behavioral skills-based virtual reality program for chronic low back pain: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted during COVID-19. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Feb 22;23(2):e26292. https://doi.org/10.2196/26292
https://doi.org/10.2196/26292...
, 26Irvine AB, Russell H, Manocchia M, Mino DE, Glassen TC, Morgan R, et al. Mobile-web app to self-manage low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2015 Jan 2 [cited 2022 Feb 19];17(1):e3130. Available from: https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/
https://www.jmir.org/2015/1/e1/...
) , autoeficacia ( 18Zadro JR, Shirley D, Simic M, Mousavi SJ, Ceprnja D, Maka K, et al. Video-game–based exercises for older people with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlledtable trial (GAMEBACK). Phys Ther. 2019 Jan 1;99(1):14-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112...
, 22Sandal LF, Bach K, Øverås CK, Svendsen MJ, Dalager T, Jensen JSD, et al. Effectiveness of app-delivered, tailored self-management support for adults with lower back pain–related disability. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Oct 1;181(10):1288-96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4097
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
, 29Lorig KR, Laurent DD, Deyo RA, Marnell ME, Minor MA, Ritter PL. Can a back pain e-mail discussion group improve health status and lower health care costs? Arch Intern Med. 2002 Apr 8;162(7):792-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.792
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.7...
) , creencia de dolor ( 7Suman A, Schaafsma FG, van Dongen JM, Elders PJM, Buchbinder R, van Tulder MW, et al. Effectiveness and cost-utility of a multifaceted eHealth strategy to improve back pain beliefs of patients with non-specific low back pain: a cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open. 2019 Dec 5;9(12):e030879. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030879
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
) , disminución de la intención de operarse ( 6Shebib R, Bailey JF, Smittenaar P, Perez DA, Mecklenburg G, Hunter S. Randomized controlled trial of a 12-week digital care program in improving low back pain. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 Jan 7 [cited 2022 May 2];2(1):1-8. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0076-7
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
) , resistencia y postura ( 15Abadiyan F, Hadadnezhad M, Khosrokiani Z, Letafatkar A, Akhshik H. Adding a smartphone app to global postural re-education to improve neck pain, posture, quality of life, and endurance in people with nonspecific neck pain: a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2021 Apr 12;22(1):274. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214-8
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214...
) , movilidad de flexión lumbar ( 17Lara-Palomo IC, Antequera-Soler E, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, Fernández-Sánchez M, García-López H, Castro-Sánchez AM, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of an e-health program versus a home rehabilitation program in patients with chronic low back pain: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Digit Health [Internet]. 2022 Jan 28 [cited 2022 Feb 27];8:20552076221074482. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332...
) , mejora en la calidad de las elecciones de tratamiento ( 8Hodges PW, Hall L, Setchell J, French S, Kasza J, Bennell K, et al. Effect of a consumer-focused website for low back pain on health literacy, treatment choices, and clinical outcomes: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Jun 15;23(6):e27860. https://doi.org/10.2196/27860
https://doi.org/10.2196/27860...
) . En algunos ensayos, los efectos no duraron durante el seguimiento ( 8Hodges PW, Hall L, Setchell J, French S, Kasza J, Bennell K, et al. Effect of a consumer-focused website for low back pain on health literacy, treatment choices, and clinical outcomes: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Jun 15;23(6):e27860. https://doi.org/10.2196/27860
https://doi.org/10.2196/27860...
, 23Carpenter KM, Stoner SA, Mundt JM, Stoelb B. An online self-help cbt intervention for chronic lower back pain. Clin J Pain. 2012 Jan;28(1):14-22. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e31822363db
https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e318223...
, 27Krein SL, Kadri R, Hughes M, Kerr EA, Piette JD, Holleman R, et al. Pedometer-based internet-mediated intervention for adults with chronic low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2013 Aug 19;15(8):e2605. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605...
) y hubo una alta tasa de pérdida de seguimiento ( 7Suman A, Schaafsma FG, van Dongen JM, Elders PJM, Buchbinder R, van Tulder MW, et al. Effectiveness and cost-utility of a multifaceted eHealth strategy to improve back pain beliefs of patients with non-specific low back pain: a cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open. 2019 Dec 5;9(12):e030879. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030879
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
) .

Síntesis cuantitativa

De los 25 artículos seleccionados para la revisión, 19 ingresaron al metanálisis y seis ( 14Moessner M, Schiltenwolf M, Neubauer E. Internet-based aftercare for patients with back pain - a pilot study. Telemed J E Health. 2012 Jul-Aug;18(6):413-9. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2011.0221
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2011.0221...
, 18Zadro JR, Shirley D, Simic M, Mousavi SJ, Ceprnja D, Maka K, et al. Video-game–based exercises for older people with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlledtable trial (GAMEBACK). Phys Ther. 2019 Jan 1;99(1):14-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112...
, 21Garcia LM, Birckhead BJ, Krishnamurthy P, Sackman J, Mackey IG, Louis RG, et al. An 8-week self-administered at-home behavioral skills-based virtual reality program for chronic low back pain: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted during COVID-19. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Feb 22;23(2):e26292. https://doi.org/10.2196/26292
https://doi.org/10.2196/26292...
, 25Heapy AA, Higgins DM, Goulet JL, LaChappelle KM, Driscoll MA, Czlapinski RA, et al. interactive voice response–based self-management for chronic back pain: the COPES noninferiority randomized trial. JAMA Inter Med. 2017 Jun 1;177(6):765-73. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0223
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
, 29Lorig KR, Laurent DD, Deyo RA, Marnell ME, Minor MA, Ritter PL. Can a back pain e-mail discussion group improve health status and lower health care costs? Arch Intern Med. 2002 Apr 8;162(7):792-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.792
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.7...
- 30Iles R, Taylor NF, Davidson M, O’Halloran P. Telephone coaching can increase activity levels for people with non-chronic low back pain: a randomised trial. J Physiother [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2022 Feb 3];57(4):231-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22093121
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2209...
) fueron excluidos porque las intervenciones más específicas no pudieron ser agrupadas. Los subgrupos formados se relacionaban con el tipo de tecnología utilizada y con la región de la columna afectada (región cervical y lumbar). De estos, tres artículos ( 16Almhdawi KA, Obeidat DS, Kanaan SF, Oteir AO, Mansour ZM, Alrabbaei H. Efficacy of an innovative smartphone application for office workers with chronic non-specific low back pain: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2020 Oct;34(10):1282-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757
https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757...
- 17Lara-Palomo IC, Antequera-Soler E, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, Fernández-Sánchez M, García-López H, Castro-Sánchez AM, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of an e-health program versus a home rehabilitation program in patients with chronic low back pain: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Digit Health [Internet]. 2022 Jan 28 [cited 2022 Feb 27];8:20552076221074482. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332...
, 19Amorim AB, Pappas E, Simic M, Ferreira ML, Jennings M, Tiedemann A, et al. Integrating Mobile-health, health coaching, and physical activity to reduce the burden of chronic low back pain trial (IMPACT): a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2019 Feb 11 [cited 2022 Apr 24];20(1):71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-...
) además fueron excluidos por los análisis de sensibilidad por el criterio de tamaño de muestra pequeño. Sólo cuatro artículos (16%) ( 14Moessner M, Schiltenwolf M, Neubauer E. Internet-based aftercare for patients with back pain - a pilot study. Telemed J E Health. 2012 Jul-Aug;18(6):413-9. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2011.0221
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2011.0221...
, 25Heapy AA, Higgins DM, Goulet JL, LaChappelle KM, Driscoll MA, Czlapinski RA, et al. interactive voice response–based self-management for chronic back pain: the COPES noninferiority randomized trial. JAMA Inter Med. 2017 Jun 1;177(6):765-73. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0223
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
, 28Licciardone JC, Pandya V. Feasibility trial of an ehealth intervention for health-related quality of life: implications for managing patients with chronic pain during the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare. 2020 Oct 1;8(4):381. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8040381
https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare804038...
- 29Lorig KR, Laurent DD, Deyo RA, Marnell ME, Minor MA, Ritter PL. Can a back pain e-mail discussion group improve health status and lower health care costs? Arch Intern Med. 2002 Apr 8;162(7):792-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.792
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.7...
) no presentaron el DE. Se contactó a los autores por correo electrónico, pero sólo se obtuvo una respuesta. Eso no influyó en los resultados porque la DE se estimó mediante el error estándar, el intervalo de confianza o se extrajo de los gráficos. La simetría del gráfico de embudo se evaluó visualmente y reveló un sesgo de publicación improbable. En el análisis de sensibilidad, se encontró un ensayo ( 6Shebib R, Bailey JF, Smittenaar P, Perez DA, Mecklenburg G, Hunter S. Randomized controlled trial of a 12-week digital care program in improving low back pain. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 Jan 7 [cited 2022 May 2];2(1):1-8. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0076-7
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
) con una posible fuente de heterogeneidad, probablemente debido al reclutamiento de la muestra que registraba una gran diferencia en el número de participantes entre los grupos intervención y control. En general, no hubo heterogeneidad significativa entre los subgrupos. Cuando el modelo de efectos se cambió por el modelo de efectos fijos, el tamaño del efecto no fue significativamente diferente de los resultados del modo de efectos aleatorios, lo que indica que los resultados son estables.

En cuanto a la intensidad del dolor en la lumbalgia crónica, los resultados del metaanálisis se clasificaron en tres momentos: postintervención, seguimiento a mediano plazo de tres a seis meses y seguimiento a largo plazo de nueve a doce meses. La primera medida de resultado de los ECA se consideró posterior a la intervención. Los resultados demostraron que la atención digital fue más eficaz en la reducción del dolor, con un efecto significativo y pequeño en comparación con el grupo control después de la intervención [SMD=-0,19, IC 95% (-0,28,-0,09), p<0,0001]; efecto estadísticamente significativo y moderado a mediano plazo [SMD=-0,21, IC 95% (-0,33,-0,08), p=0,002] y a largo plazo [SMD=-0,24, IC 95% (-0,37,-0,11), p=0,0004] ( Figura 4). Se realizaron análisis de subgrupos para comparar la intervención realizada a través de aplicaciones o sitios web o programas online sobre la intensidad del dolor. Los ensayos mostraron un efecto significativo y moderado [SMD=-0,21, IC 95% (-0,33,-0,10), p=0,0003] con las aplicaciones y un efecto significativo y pequeño [SMD=-0,16, IC 95% (-0,30,-0,0003), p=0,02] con intervenciones a través de sitios web y programas online en comparación con el grupo control con baja heterogeneidad (I 2=0%, p=0,64). Hubo sólo tres estudios relacionados con el dolor de cuello. Debido a la gran heterogeneidad (Qhi 2 =17,57, I 2=89%, p=0,0002), no se calculó un efecto global.

En lo que respecta a la discapacidad en la lumbalgia, los resultados mostraron que el cuidado digital fue más efectivo para reducir la discapacidad funcional, con un efecto significativo y pequeño en comparación con el grupo control en la postintervención [SMD=-0,18, IC 95% (-0,26,-0,10), p<0,0001]; a mediano plazo [SMD=-0,13, IC 95% (-0,24,-0,02] y a largo plazo [SMD=-0,14, IC 95% (-0,25,-0,04), p=0,007] ( Figura 5). Comparando los ensayos que midieron la discapacidad mediante el instrumento Roland Morris u Oswestry, se observó un resultado moderado y significativo con respecto al grupo control [SMD=-0,24, IC 95% (-0,43,-0,06), p=0,010] en los ensayos que utilizaron Oswestry y un resultado pequeño y significativo [SMD=-0,19, IC 95% (-0,29,-0,10), p<0,0001] en los ensayos que utilizaron Roland Morris, con baja heterogeneidad (I 2=18%, p=0,28). Respecto a las apps en la capacidad funcional, el resultado fue significativo con un efecto moderado [SMD=-0,21, IC 95% (-0,33,-0,10), p=0,0002] y respecto a las webs y programas online, el efecto fue pequeño y significativo [SMD=-0,19, IC 95% (-0,30,-0,09), p=0,0002], con baja heterogeneidad (I 2=28%, p=0,18).

Figura 4 -
Diagrama de bosque y gráfico de embudo sobre la intensidad del dolor. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil, 2022

Figura 5 –
Diagrama de bosque y gráfico de embudo sobre discapacidad funcional. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil, 2022

Discusión

Esta revisión estudió la efectividad de las intervenciones digitales en el manejo del dolor y la discapacidad funcional en pacientes con trastornos musculoesqueléticos de columna. Mostró un resultado beneficioso sobre la intensidad del dolor y la discapacidad para el dolor lumbar crónico con efectos pequeños a moderados. No fue posible determinar con certeza los efectos a lo largo del tiempo, ya sea por la falta de seguimiento a largo plazo o por la disminución de los efectos a lo largo del tiempo. Hubo variación en lo que respecta a las características, duración, componentes y estrategias de ayuda. Tampoco fue posible determinar el impacto de los componentes individuales de la intervención porque ofrecen muchas combinaciones y pueden actuar de forma independiente o sinérgica, lo que dificulta determinar qué estrategia fue responsable del efecto.

Según un estudio de cohorte, la salud digital tiene el potencial de mejorar los resultados con una mayor participación de los pacientes y como terapia complementaria a la práctica clínica ( 35Bailey JF, Agarwal V, Zheng P, Smuck M, Fredericson M, Kennedy DJ, et al. Digital care for chronic musculoskeletal pain: 10,000 participant longitudinal cohort study. J Med Internet Res. 2020 May;22(5):e18250. https://doi.org/10.2196/18250
https://doi.org/10.2196/18250...
) . Una RS respalda la atención digital como una herramienta adicional a la atención tradicional, pero falta más evidencia sobre los efectos a largo plazo ( 36Rintala A, Rantalainen R, Kaksonen, Luomajoki H, Kauranen K. mHealth apps for low back pain self-management: scoping review. JMIR mHealt uHealth. 2022 Aug;10(8):e39682. https://doi.org/10.2196/39682
https://doi.org/10.2196/39682...
) . Otra RS encontró evidencia moderada a baja de que los programas digitales tienen un rol positivo en la intensidad del dolor y la discapacidad a corto plazo, pero no hubo evidencia de efectos sostenidos ( 4Du S, Liu W, Cai S, Hu Y, Dong J. The efficacy of e-health in the self-management of chronic low back pain: a meta analysis. Int J Nurs Stud. 2020 Jun; 106: 103507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.103507
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019....
) . Mostró beneficios clínicos a través de una aplicación para el dolor lumbar, pero cuando se evaluó la calidad metodológica se observó riesgos de sesgo moderados a altos, especialmente en ensayos no aleatorizados ( 37Lewkowicz D, Slosarek T, Wernicke S, Winne A, Wohlbrandt AM, Bottinger E. Digital therapeutic care and decision support interventions for people with low back pain: systematic review. JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol. 2021 Nov 19;8(4):e26612. https://doi.org/10.2196/26612
https://doi.org/10.2196/26612...
) . Mientras que otras revisiones mostraron que ninguna intervención fue inferior al grupo control ( 38Hewitt S, Sephton R, Yeowell G. The effectiveness of digital health interventions in the management of musculoskeletal conditions: a systematic literature review. J Med Internet Res. 2020 Jun 5;22(6):e15617. https://doi.org/10.2196/15617
https://doi.org/10.2196/15617...
- 39Stark C, Cunningham J, Turner P, Johnson MA, Bäcker H. App-based rehabilitation in back pain, a systematic review. J Pers Med. 2022 Sept;12(10):1558. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12101558
https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12101558...
) y ningún estudio reportó efectos adversos ( 38Hewitt S, Sephton R, Yeowell G. The effectiveness of digital health interventions in the management of musculoskeletal conditions: a systematic literature review. J Med Internet Res. 2020 Jun 5;22(6):e15617. https://doi.org/10.2196/15617
https://doi.org/10.2196/15617...
) .

Hubo variación en las tasas de adherencia de los programas. Por lo tanto, no se pudo establecer una relación entre los resultados, los niveles de adherencia y los factores que llevaron a la deserción debido a los diversos resultados evaluados y la falta de datos en los informes. Otra revisión tampoco encontró evidencia en las intervenciones con respecto a las estrategias de ayuda a la toma de decisiones debido a que había una correlación poco clara entre retención de usuarios y mejora en los resultados primarios, lo que dificulta determinar aspectos de la intervención como duración o intensidad. Sería importante utilizar métricas estandarizadas para facilitar la comparación ( 37Lewkowicz D, Slosarek T, Wernicke S, Winne A, Wohlbrandt AM, Bottinger E. Digital therapeutic care and decision support interventions for people with low back pain: systematic review. JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol. 2021 Nov 19;8(4):e26612. https://doi.org/10.2196/26612
https://doi.org/10.2196/26612...
) .

Por otro lado, las intervenciones de ayuda favorecen la adherencia y el nivel de compromiso y pueden ser un punto clave para el éxito de estas tecnologías. Entonces, cómo atraer usuarios se ha convertido en un tema importante para el diseño de estrategias online. Algunos principios como el ahorro de tiempo, el interés y el intercambio de información son muy recomendables para diseñar plataformas y aumentar el compromiso ( 4Du S, Liu W, Cai S, Hu Y, Dong J. The efficacy of e-health in the self-management of chronic low back pain: a meta analysis. Int J Nurs Stud. 2020 Jun; 106: 103507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.103507
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019....
) , especialmente si se trata de un sistema de recomendación basado en datos más avanzados como el aprendizaje automático que logre un cambio de comportamiento sostenible ( 37Lewkowicz D, Slosarek T, Wernicke S, Winne A, Wohlbrandt AM, Bottinger E. Digital therapeutic care and decision support interventions for people with low back pain: systematic review. JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol. 2021 Nov 19;8(4):e26612. https://doi.org/10.2196/26612
https://doi.org/10.2196/26612...
) .

El metanálisis demostró que se obtuvo un mayor efecto en la evaluación de la discapacidad funcional con el uso del ODI que con el RM. Ambas herramientas demuestran confiabilidad y validez con buenas propiedades psicométricas y facilidad de uso ( 40Garg A, Pathak H, Churyukanov MV, Uppin RB, Slobodin TM. Low back pain: critical assessment of various scales. Eur Spine. 2020 Mar;29(3):503-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-019-06279-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-019-06279...
- 41Burbridge C, Randall JA, Abraham L, Bush EN. Measuring the impact of chronic low back pain on everyday functioning: content validity of the Roland Morris disability questionnaire. J Patient Rep Outcomes. 2020 Aug 28;4(1):70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41687-020-00234-5
https://doi.org/10.1186/s41687-020-00234...
) . Esta estandarización de medidas facilita la comparación de los estudios y la realización de RS.

La presente RS mostró el interés que hay en el área de la salud por las aplicaciones para smartphone, m-Heath, para el manejo de condiciones principalmente crónicas con resultados variados y prometedores y con un efecto ligeramente mayor que los web-health en los metanálisis. Las aplicaciones pueden brindar una promoción para la salud personalizada, tienen buena aceptabilidad por parte de los usuarios y son fáciles de usar, lo que facilita el automanejo ( 16Almhdawi KA, Obeidat DS, Kanaan SF, Oteir AO, Mansour ZM, Alrabbaei H. Efficacy of an innovative smartphone application for office workers with chronic non-specific low back pain: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2020 Oct;34(10):1282-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757
https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757...
, 43Thongtipmak S, Buranruk O, Eungpinichpong W, Konharn K. Immediate effects and acceptability of an application-based stretching exercise incorporating deep slow breathing for neck pain self-management. Healthc Inform Res. 2020 Jan;26(1):50-60. https://doi.org/10.4258/hir.2020.26.1.50
https://doi.org/10.4258/hir.2020.26.1.50...
) . Lo importantees usar estas tecnologías para generar un cambio de comportamiento ( 19Amorim AB, Pappas E, Simic M, Ferreira ML, Jennings M, Tiedemann A, et al. Integrating Mobile-health, health coaching, and physical activity to reduce the burden of chronic low back pain trial (IMPACT): a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2019 Feb 11 [cited 2022 Apr 24];20(1):71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-...
) . Los gestores y quienes financian los sistemas de salud están interesados en el potencial que tienen para mejorar los resultados y reducir los costos ( 44Scott IA, Scuffham P, Gupta D, Harch TM, Borchi J, Richards B. Going digital: a narrative overview of the effects, quality and utility of mobile apps in chronic disease self-management. Aust Health Rev. 2020;44(1):62-82. https://doi.org/10.1071/ah18064
https://doi.org/10.1071/ah18064...
) . Sin embargo, aún no se ha podido comprobar bien su eficacia y beneficio clínico, además requieren criterios, estándares de calidad, efectividad y contenido basados en evidencia ( 44Scott IA, Scuffham P, Gupta D, Harch TM, Borchi J, Richards B. Going digital: a narrative overview of the effects, quality and utility of mobile apps in chronic disease self-management. Aust Health Rev. 2020;44(1):62-82. https://doi.org/10.1071/ah18064
https://doi.org/10.1071/ah18064...
) . Una revisión demostró que la calidad general de las aplicaciones es bastante baja y carecen de medidas de resultado válidas ( 45 Coe-O’Brien R, Joseph L, Kuisma R, Paungmali A, Sitilertpisan P, Pirunsan U. Outcome measures used in the smartphone applications for the management of low back pain: a systematic scoping review. Health Inf Sci Syst. 2020 Jan 2;8(1):5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13755-019-0097-x
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13755-019-0097-...
) .

Entre los aportes que realiza la presente revisión, destacamos la inclusión de ECA en los que las Apps fueron desarrolladas por profesionales sanitarios con base a evidencias científicas y directrices y que fueron evaluadas según su eficacia. Antes de recomendarles estas aplicaciones a los pacientes, siempre hay que analizar su eficacia y usabilidad ( 16Almhdawi KA, Obeidat DS, Kanaan SF, Oteir AO, Mansour ZM, Alrabbaei H. Efficacy of an innovative smartphone application for office workers with chronic non-specific low back pain: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2020 Oct;34(10):1282-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757
https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520937757...
) . Por lo tanto, hay que considerar los recursos de diseño para mejorar la efectividad y determinar los estándares de manera efectiva ( 44Scott IA, Scuffham P, Gupta D, Harch TM, Borchi J, Richards B. Going digital: a narrative overview of the effects, quality and utility of mobile apps in chronic disease self-management. Aust Health Rev. 2020;44(1):62-82. https://doi.org/10.1071/ah18064
https://doi.org/10.1071/ah18064...
) . Sin embargo, existen algunos factores que están involucrados en la evaluación de las aplicaciones. Hay una combinación de atributos de contenido, plataforma e interfaz que dificulta determinar si los beneficios provienen de componentes específicos o de la aplicación en general. Las investigaciones también se ven limitadas por los desarrolladores, dado que los mismos pueden lanzar, actualizar, modificar o eliminar las aplicaciones mientras la investigación está en curso, y esto hace que los resultados sean obsoletos; los resultados de nuevos estudios pueden modificar la evidencia en la que se basa la herramienta, haciéndola inválida y las aplicaciones estudiadas pueden no ser las mismas que se encuentran disponibles comercialmente ( 44Scott IA, Scuffham P, Gupta D, Harch TM, Borchi J, Richards B. Going digital: a narrative overview of the effects, quality and utility of mobile apps in chronic disease self-management. Aust Health Rev. 2020;44(1):62-82. https://doi.org/10.1071/ah18064
https://doi.org/10.1071/ah18064...
) . Además, la mayoría de las apps no se evalúan científicamente antes de lanzarlas al mercado ( 46 Pfeifer AC, Uddin R, Schröder-Pfeifer P, Hol F, Swobota W, Schiltenwolf M. Mobile application-based interventions for chronic pain patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of effectiveness. J Clin Med. 2020 Nov;9(11):3557. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113557
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113557...
) .

El ejercicio fue el componente más frecuente en las aplicaciones. El ejercicio domiciliario puede prevenir casos recurrentes, evitar barreras geográficas y de transporte, restricciones financieras y reducir la necesidad de contacto continuo con los profesionales de la salud ( 15Abadiyan F, Hadadnezhad M, Khosrokiani Z, Letafatkar A, Akhshik H. Adding a smartphone app to global postural re-education to improve neck pain, posture, quality of life, and endurance in people with nonspecific neck pain: a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2021 Apr 12;22(1):274. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214-8
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05214...
, 33Chhabra HS, Sharma S, Verma S. Smartphone app in self-management of chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Spine J. 2018 Oct 15;27(11):2862-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-...
) . Un factor importante es ajustar el ejercicio a la subjetividad del usuario al considerar las preferencias de los pacientes ( 6Shebib R, Bailey JF, Smittenaar P, Perez DA, Mecklenburg G, Hunter S. Randomized controlled trial of a 12-week digital care program in improving low back pain. NPJ Digit Med [Internet]. 2019 Jan 7 [cited 2022 May 2];2(1):1-8. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0076-7
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-0...
, 19Amorim AB, Pappas E, Simic M, Ferreira ML, Jennings M, Tiedemann A, et al. Integrating Mobile-health, health coaching, and physical activity to reduce the burden of chronic low back pain trial (IMPACT): a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2019 Feb 11 [cited 2022 Apr 24];20(1):71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2454-...
, 22Sandal LF, Bach K, Øverås CK, Svendsen MJ, Dalager T, Jensen JSD, et al. Effectiveness of app-delivered, tailored self-management support for adults with lower back pain–related disability. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Oct 1;181(10):1288-96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4097
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
, 33Chhabra HS, Sharma S, Verma S. Smartphone app in self-management of chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Spine J. 2018 Oct 15;27(11):2862-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5788-...
) . Adoptar un abordaje centrado en el paciente y en sus objetivos y preferencias puede aumentar la adherencia ( 46 Hayden JA, Ellis J, Ogilvie R, Stewart SA, Bagg MK, Stanojevic S, et al. Some types of exercise are more effective than others in people with chronic low back pain: a network meta-analysis. J Physiother, 2021 Oct;67(4):252-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphys.2021.09.004
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphys.2021.09....
) . En este sentido, la tecnología favorece la motivación y un mayor compromiso con los ejercicios ( 48 Essman M, Lin CY. The role of exercise in treating low back pain. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2022 Aug; 21(8):267-71. https://doi.org/10.1249/jsr.0000000000000982
https://doi.org/10.1249/jsr.000000000000...
) .

Otros ECA incluyeron intervenciones proporcionadas a través de programas online, sitios web, intervenciones electrónicas y web-health. Estos programas se consideran una innovación prometedora. Reducen la demanda de los recursos de salud, dado que los individuos manejan diferentes componentes de su salud y mejoran su independencia funcional y autocuidado ( 17Lara-Palomo IC, Antequera-Soler E, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, Fernández-Sánchez M, García-López H, Castro-Sánchez AM, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of an e-health program versus a home rehabilitation program in patients with chronic low back pain: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Digit Health [Internet]. 2022 Jan 28 [cited 2022 Feb 27];8:20552076221074482. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332...
) . Son estrategias viables, económicas, con pocos o ningún efecto secundario y accesibles en cualquier momento y lugar ( 23Carpenter KM, Stoner SA, Mundt JM, Stoelb B. An online self-help cbt intervention for chronic lower back pain. Clin J Pain. 2012 Jan;28(1):14-22. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e31822363db
https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e318223...
) . La pandemia de COVID-19 también suscitó el interés por el autocuidado domiciliario ( 21Garcia LM, Birckhead BJ, Krishnamurthy P, Sackman J, Mackey IG, Louis RG, et al. An 8-week self-administered at-home behavioral skills-based virtual reality program for chronic low back pain: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted during COVID-19. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Feb 22;23(2):e26292. https://doi.org/10.2196/26292
https://doi.org/10.2196/26292...
) . Sin embargo, estos programas tienen barreras relacionadas con la implementación, como la falta de personal capacitado, accesibilidad y disponibilidad ( 24Chiauzzi E, Pujol LA, Wood M, Bond K, Black R, Yiu E, et al. painACTION-back pain: a self-management website for people with chronic back pain. Pain Med. 2010 Jul;11(7):1044-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00879.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010...
) . Es necesario que haya un sitio web con un enfoque amplio que brinde información confiable adaptada al consumidor y desarrollada por profesionales de la salud ( 49 Costa N, Nielsen M, Jull G, Claus AP, Hodges PW. Low back pain websites do not meet the needs of consumers: a study of online resources at three time points. Health Inf Manag. 2020;49(2-3):137-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1833358319857354
https://doi.org/10.1177/1833358319857354...
) .

Otro punto que hay que considerar en este tipo de programas es la aceptación del usuario y la adherencia al tratamiento para evitar las mejoras insostenibles que se produjeron en algunos ECA. Se deben implementar estrategias adicionales para mantener a las personas activas y comprometidas y, así, evitar la disminución de los efectos con el tiempo ( 27Krein SL, Kadri R, Hughes M, Kerr EA, Piette JD, Holleman R, et al. Pedometer-based internet-mediated intervention for adults with chronic low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2013 Aug 19;15(8):e2605. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605...
) . La mejora sostenida puede requerir que se asuma un compromiso sostenido con el sitio web ( 8Hodges PW, Hall L, Setchell J, French S, Kasza J, Bennell K, et al. Effect of a consumer-focused website for low back pain on health literacy, treatment choices, and clinical outcomes: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Jun 15;23(6):e27860. https://doi.org/10.2196/27860
https://doi.org/10.2196/27860...
) . También se encontró evidencia de que las intervenciones de ayuda a la toma de decisiones benefician el compromiso y el proceso de automanejo ( 37Lewkowicz D, Slosarek T, Wernicke S, Winne A, Wohlbrandt AM, Bottinger E. Digital therapeutic care and decision support interventions for people with low back pain: systematic review. JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol. 2021 Nov 19;8(4):e26612. https://doi.org/10.2196/26612
https://doi.org/10.2196/26612...
) .

Los estudios con programas web-health requieren otras precauciones como reclutamiento y resultados adecuados, ya que en algunos ECA los resultados fueron pequeños debido a las características de la población estudiada. Por lo tanto, es recomendable elegir criterios que estén mejor establecidos para evaluar el dolor, dado que para aquellos sin dolor al inicio de la intervención no se espera eficacia en la intensidad del dolor ni resultados funcionales ( 7Suman A, Schaafsma FG, van Dongen JM, Elders PJM, Buchbinder R, van Tulder MW, et al. Effectiveness and cost-utility of a multifaceted eHealth strategy to improve back pain beliefs of patients with non-specific low back pain: a cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open. 2019 Dec 5;9(12):e030879. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030879
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030...
) . Las intervenciones en el sitio web pueden ser más efectivas en subgrupos demográficos o funcionales específicos, como pacientes con niveles más altos de dolor ( 24Chiauzzi E, Pujol LA, Wood M, Bond K, Black R, Yiu E, et al. painACTION-back pain: a self-management website for people with chronic back pain. Pain Med. 2010 Jul;11(7):1044-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00879.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010...
) . En el ECA, la mejoría fue mayor para los individuos que informaron niveles de discapacidad de moderados a severos relacionados con el dolor al inicio del estudio ( 27Krein SL, Kadri R, Hughes M, Kerr EA, Piette JD, Holleman R, et al. Pedometer-based internet-mediated intervention for adults with chronic low back pain: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2013 Aug 19;15(8):e2605. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2605...
) . También es recomendable un triage, que consiste en clasificar a los pacientes según sus signos y síntomas para prescribir ciertos ejercicios y otras opciones efectivas de autocuidado ( 17Lara-Palomo IC, Antequera-Soler E, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, Fernández-Sánchez M, García-López H, Castro-Sánchez AM, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of an e-health program versus a home rehabilitation program in patients with chronic low back pain: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Digit Health [Internet]. 2022 Jan 28 [cited 2022 Feb 27];8:20552076221074482. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111332...
) . El contenido del programa debe ser lo suficientemente específico para el perfil de la población ( 20Petrozzi MJ, Leaver A, Ferreira PH, Rubinstein SM, Jones MK, Mackey MG. Addition of MoodGYM to physical treatments for chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Chiropr Man Therap. 2019 Oct 25;27(1):54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-019-0277-...
) .

La combinación de dominios como función, discapacidad y salud sería una estructura útil y válida para establecer metas en condiciones musculoesqueléticas ( 45 Coe-O’Brien R, Joseph L, Kuisma R, Paungmali A, Sitilertpisan P, Pirunsan U. Outcome measures used in the smartphone applications for the management of low back pain: a systematic scoping review. Health Inf Sci Syst. 2020 Jan 2;8(1):5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13755-019-0097-x
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13755-019-0097-...
) . Como el dolor tiene un carácter biopsicosocial, es necesario un abordaje multimodal centrado en la persona, que se adapte a sus preferencias y actitudes, permita el control personal de los síntomas a largo plazo, reduzca la necesidad de supervisión y se base en evidencias ( 45 Coe-O’Brien R, Joseph L, Kuisma R, Paungmali A, Sitilertpisan P, Pirunsan U. Outcome measures used in the smartphone applications for the management of low back pain: a systematic scoping review. Health Inf Sci Syst. 2020 Jan 2;8(1):5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13755-019-0097-x
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13755-019-0097-...
, 50 Adhikari SP, Shrestha P, Dev R. Feasibility and effectiveness of telephone telephysiotherapy for pain management in low-resource settings: A pre-post retrospective project. Pain Res Manag. 2020 May;2020:2741278. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2741278
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2741278...
) . Estos, junto con el autocuidado, son componentes clave de un programa digital ( 50 Adhikari SP, Shrestha P, Dev R. Feasibility and effectiveness of telephone telephysiotherapy for pain management in low-resource settings: A pre-post retrospective project. Pain Res Manag. 2020 May;2020:2741278. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2741278
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2741278...
) . Los programas deben captar por completo la naturaleza multidimensional y biopsicosocial de los procesos terapéuticos ( 51 Steinmetz A. Back pain treatment: a new perspective. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2022 Jul;14:1759720X221100293. https://doi.org/10.1177/1759720X221100293
https://doi.org/10.1177/1759720X22110029...
) .

Otros ECA evaluaron otras tecnologías, como la realidad virtual (RV), los videojuegos, otras formas de brindar la intervención, como el teléfono, el chat y el correo electrónico que pueden resultar atractivos para los usuarios. El tratamiento de RV ofrece experiencias 3D inmersivas con sonidos estéreo y elementos como colores vivos y entornos escénicos que se adaptan a condiciones específicas como el dolor en el contexto terapéutico ( 21Garcia LM, Birckhead BJ, Krishnamurthy P, Sackman J, Mackey IG, Louis RG, et al. An 8-week self-administered at-home behavioral skills-based virtual reality program for chronic low back pain: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted during COVID-19. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Feb 22;23(2):e26292. https://doi.org/10.2196/26292
https://doi.org/10.2196/26292...
) . Los videojuegos en participantes de edad avanzada con dolor lumbar crónico mostraron buenos resultados ( 18Zadro JR, Shirley D, Simic M, Mousavi SJ, Ceprnja D, Maka K, et al. Video-game–based exercises for older people with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlledtable trial (GAMEBACK). Phys Ther. 2019 Jan 1;99(1):14-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112...
) . Se observa que algunos resultados tuvieron efectos pequeños, pero las opciones de estrategia muestran resultados prometedores. Ya sea por alta adherencia, interactividad y motivación ( 18Zadro JR, Shirley D, Simic M, Mousavi SJ, Ceprnja D, Maka K, et al. Video-game–based exercises for older people with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlledtable trial (GAMEBACK). Phys Ther. 2019 Jan 1;99(1):14-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112...
, 21Garcia LM, Birckhead BJ, Krishnamurthy P, Sackman J, Mackey IG, Louis RG, et al. An 8-week self-administered at-home behavioral skills-based virtual reality program for chronic low back pain: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted during COVID-19. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Feb 22;23(2):e26292. https://doi.org/10.2196/26292
https://doi.org/10.2196/26292...
, 25Heapy AA, Higgins DM, Goulet JL, LaChappelle KM, Driscoll MA, Czlapinski RA, et al. interactive voice response–based self-management for chronic back pain: the COPES noninferiority randomized trial. JAMA Inter Med. 2017 Jun 1;177(6):765-73. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0223
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
) , posibilidad de asociación con otras terapias ( 18Zadro JR, Shirley D, Simic M, Mousavi SJ, Ceprnja D, Maka K, et al. Video-game–based exercises for older people with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlledtable trial (GAMEBACK). Phys Ther. 2019 Jan 1;99(1):14-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112...
) , monitoreo remoto ( 34Gialanella B, Ettori T, Faustini S, Baratti D, Bernocchi P, Comini L, et al. Home-based telemedicine in patients with chronic neck pain. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2017 May;96(5):327-32. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000000610
https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.000000000000...
) , mejora de la autoeficacia ( 18Zadro JR, Shirley D, Simic M, Mousavi SJ, Ceprnja D, Maka K, et al. Video-game–based exercises for older people with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlledtable trial (GAMEBACK). Phys Ther. 2019 Jan 1;99(1):14-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy112...
, 29Lorig KR, Laurent DD, Deyo RA, Marnell ME, Minor MA, Ritter PL. Can a back pain e-mail discussion group improve health status and lower health care costs? Arch Intern Med. 2002 Apr 8;162(7):792-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.792
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.7.7...
) , programas de fácil ejecución ( 34Gialanella B, Ettori T, Faustini S, Baratti D, Bernocchi P, Comini L, et al. Home-based telemedicine in patients with chronic neck pain. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2017 May;96(5):327-32. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000000610
https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.000000000000...
) con grupo control adecuado ( 21Garcia LM, Birckhead BJ, Krishnamurthy P, Sackman J, Mackey IG, Louis RG, et al. An 8-week self-administered at-home behavioral skills-based virtual reality program for chronic low back pain: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted during COVID-19. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Feb 22;23(2):e26292. https://doi.org/10.2196/26292
https://doi.org/10.2196/26292...
) . Pueden favorecer el automanejo, reducir el uso de asistencia sanitaria y facilitar la adherencia a los ejercicios en casa. El costo beneficio depende de las circunstancias y preferencias de cada paciente. La practicidad de la intervención no presencial puede ser factible, eficaz y bien tolerada ( 25Heapy AA, Higgins DM, Goulet JL, LaChappelle KM, Driscoll MA, Czlapinski RA, et al. interactive voice response–based self-management for chronic back pain: the COPES noninferiority randomized trial. JAMA Inter Med. 2017 Jun 1;177(6):765-73. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0223
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.20...
) .

Por último, las intervenciones digitales tienen el potencial de ofrecer prácticas seguras, de gran alcance, bajo costo, fácilmente accesibles y adaptables, también favorecen el acceso a la atención sanitaria de forma no presencial a más personas ( 38Hewitt S, Sephton R, Yeowell G. The effectiveness of digital health interventions in the management of musculoskeletal conditions: a systematic literature review. J Med Internet Res. 2020 Jun 5;22(6):e15617. https://doi.org/10.2196/15617
https://doi.org/10.2196/15617...
) . Además, el seguimiento del estado y de los objetivos influye en la respuesta cognitiva, emocional y conductual al dolor ( 4Du S, Liu W, Cai S, Hu Y, Dong J. The efficacy of e-health in the self-management of chronic low back pain: a meta analysis. Int J Nurs Stud. 2020 Jun; 106: 103507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.103507
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019....
) .

En cuanto a las limitaciones, en primer lugar, las intervenciones utilizaron diversas tecnologías, resultados y medidas de resultado. El análisis de subgrupos garantizó una mejor homogeneidad en los metanálisis. Es necesario estandarizar el informe de los resultados en los ensayos clínicos de pacientes con dolor lumbar y cervical inespecífico. La mayoría de los estudios se relacionaron con el dolor lumbar y pocos con la región cervical. Se incluyeron ensayos con muestras pequeñas con menos de 100 participantes que pueden disminuir el poder estadístico; grupos control no comparables que tuvieron intervenciones de autocuidado presencial; diferentes períodos de observación y falta de seguimiento a largo plazo, lo que dificulta evaluar la sostenibilidad de los resultados. Algunos carecían de criterios de inclusión claramente definidos, lo que generaba dudas sobre si el dolor de los participantes era crónico o no. Además, la intensidad del dolor y la discapacidad funcional no fueron los resultados primarios en todos los estudios. Tampoco se pudieron extraer datos como la duración, la intensidad de la intervención, las mejores estrategias de ayuda a la toma de decisiones. Por otro lado, la mayoría de los estudios era de calidad moderada. Por lo tanto, los resultados deben analizarse con cautela.

Conclusión

En esta revisión, las intervenciones de atención digital mostraron un resultado beneficioso para la disminución de la intensidad del dolor y la discapacidad funcional principalmente para el dolor lumbar crónico con efectos pequeños a moderados. La comparación entre los grupos reveló mejoras estadísticamente significativas en la mitad de los estudios en los niveles de dolor, y un poco menos de la mitad en la discapacidad funcional en el grupo intervención en comparación con el grupo control. Por lo tanto, se puede afirmar que la atención digital es prometedora para contribuir al automanejo de las afecciones musculoesqueléticas de columna. Es necesario que se realicen más investigaciones con resultados más estandarizados, tamaños de muestra y grupos control adecuados que faciliten la comparación y la búsqueda de evidencia.

Agradecimientos

Agradecemos a las bibliotecarias Crislaine Zurilda Silveira y Adriana Stefani Cativelli por la elaboración y validación de la estrategia de búsqueda y a los profesores Dr. Jocemar Ilha, Dr.ª Andreia Pelegrini y Dra.ª Silvana Silveira Kempfer por sus contribuciones al desarrollo y validación del protocolo de revisión sistemática.

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  • Cómo citar este artículo

    Cargnin ZA, Schneider DG, Rosa-Junior JN. Digital self-care in the management of spine musculoskeletal disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem. 2023;31:e3909. [cited year month day]; Available from: URL . https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.6423.3909
  • Todos los autores aprobaron la versión final del texto.

Editado por

Editor Asociado:

Maria Lúcia Zanetti

Fechas de Publicación

  • Publicación en esta colección
    12 Mayo 2023
  • Fecha del número
    2023

Histórico

  • Recibido
    06 Ago 2022
  • Acepto
    25 Dic 2022
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