Autismo infantil: despiste e prevenção

Golse, Bernard

doi:10.1590/1415-47142005003004

Resumos

A detecção mais precoce possível do autismo infantil condiciona em grande parte a qualidade do prognóstico, sobretudo o prognóstico cognitivo. Essa detecção precoce coloca, no entanto, uma série de questões clínicas, teóricas e éticas extremamente importantes. O autismo infantil não pode ser reduzido a um déficit neurodesenvolvimental, e é preciso concebê-lo, de preferência, como o fruto de um processo autistisante progressivo e de origem multifatorial. Os sinais que permitem a detecção durante o segundo ano de vida são atualmente bem definidos, principalmente com a constituição do CHAT (Check list for autistic todlers). Durante o primeiro ano de vida são descritas atualmente perturbações interativas precoces, mas talvez seja necessário sobretudo detectar as crianças que necessitam de cuidados, sem confiná-las dentro de uma predição autística que incorre no risco de fixar as coisas, privando o futuro de uma abertura evolutiva ainda possível. A questão do estudo dos filmes familiares foi recentemente retomada de maneira renovada e muito fecunda.

Autismo; detecção precoce; processo autistisante; prevenção

La detección lo más precoz posible del autismo infantil condiciona en gran parte la calidad del pronóstico, sobretodo del pronóstico cognitivo. Esa detección precoz levanta también una serie de interrogantes clínicos, teóricos y éticos extremamente importantes. El autismo infantil no puede ser reducido a un déficit de neuro-desarrollo, es preciso concebirlo preferentemente, como el fruto de un proceso autistizante progresivo y de origen multifactorial. Las señales que permiten la detección durante el segundo año de vida son actualmente bien definidas, principalmente con la constitución del CHAT (Check list for autistic todlers). Durante el primer año de vida son descriptas actualmente perturbaciones de la interactividad precoses, pero tal vez lo más necesario sea detectar los niños que necesitan de cuidados, sin confinarlos dentro de una predicción de autismo que corre el riego de fijar las cosas, privando el futuro de una abertura evolutiva todavía posible. La cuestión del estudio de los filmes familiares fue recientemente retomada de manera renovada y muy fecunda.

Autismo; detección precoz; proceso autistizante; prevención

Le dépistage précoce le plus précoce possible de l’autisme infantile conditionne en grande partie la qualité du pronostic, et notamment cognitif. Ce dépistage précoce pose cependant toute une série de questions cliniques, théoriques et éthiques extrêmement importantes. L’autisme infantile ne peut être réduit à un handicap neuro-développemental, et il faut plutôt le concevoir comme le fruit d’un processus autistisant progressif et d’origine multifactorielle. Les signes de dépistage en deuxième année de vie sont désormais bien précisés, avec notamment la mise au point du CHAT (Check-list for autistic toddlers). En première année de vie, des dysfonctionnements interactifs précoces sont désormais décrits, mais peu-têtre faut-il savoir seulement dépister des enfants en nécessité de soin sans les enfermer dans une prédiction autistique qui risquerait de figer les choses en privant l’avenir d’une ouverture évolutive encore possible. La question de l’étude des films familiaux a été récemment reprise de manière renouvelée et très féconde.

Autisme; dépistage précoce; processus autistisant; prévention

The detection, as early as possible, of the infantile autism conditions, to a large extent, the prognostic’s quality, especially the cognitive prognostic. This early detection brings a series of extremely important clinical, theoretical and ethical questions. The infantile autism cannot be reduced to a neuro-developmental deficit, and it is necessary to conceive it, preferably, as a fruit of a progressive autistic-ating process of a multi-factorial origin. The signs that permit the detection during the second year of life are actually well defined, principally with the constitution of CHAT (check list for autistic toddlers). During the first year of life one can describe early interactive disturbances, but maybe it is necessary to detect the children that need care, without confining them inside an autistic prediction that incurs in the risk of fixating things, stopping the future from a still possible developmental opening. The issue of the study of family movies was recently retaken in a renewed and prolific manner.

Autism; early detection; autistic-ating process; prevention

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Referências

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Datas de Publicação

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Jul-Sep 2005

Histórico

Recebido
Out 2004
Aceito
Ago 2005

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[1] ADRIEN, J.-L.; LENOIR, P.; MARTINEAU, J.; PERROT, A.; HAMEURY, L.; LARMANDE, C.; SAUVAGe, D. Blind ratings of early symptoms of autism based upon family home movies. Journal of lhe American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, n. 32, p. 617-26, 1993.

[2] ADRIEN, J.-L.; BARTHÉLÉMY, C.; PERROT, A.; ROUX, S.; LENOIR, P.; HAMEURY, L.; SAUVAGE, D. Validity and reliability of the Infant Behavioural Sunimarized Evaluation (IBSE): A rating scale for the assessment of young children with autism and developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, n. 22, p. 375-94, 1992.

[3] ANDERSON, S. R.; AVERY, D. L.; DIPIETRO, E. K.; EDWARDS, G. L.; CHRISTIAN, W. P. Intensive home based early intervention with autistic children. Education and Treatment of Children, v. 10, n. 4, p. 352-66, 1987.

[4] BAIRD, G.; CHARMAN, T.; BARON-COHEN, S.; COX, A.; BAIRD, G.; SWETTENHAM, J.; WHEELWRIGHT, S.; DREW, A. A screening instrument for autism at 18 months of age: A 6 year follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, n. 39, p. 694-702, 2000.

[5] BARANEK, G. T. Autism during infancy: A retrospective video analysis of sensory-motor and social behaviors at 9-12 months of age. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, v. 29, n. 3, p. 213-24, 1999.

[6] BARON-COHEN, S.; ALLEN, J.; GILLBERG, C. Can autism be detected at 18 months? The needle, the haystack, and the CHAT. British Journal of Psychiatry, n. 161, p. 839-43, 1992.

[7] BARON-COHEN, S.; Cox, A.; BAIRD, G.; SWETTENHAM, J.; NIGHTTINGALE, N.; MORGAN, K.; DREW, A.; CHARMAN T. Psychological markers in the detection of autism in infancy in a large population. British Journal of Psychiatry, n. 168, p. 158-63, 1996.

[8] BARTHÉLÉMY, C.; ROUX, S.; ADRIEN, J.-L.; HAMEURY, L.; GUÉRIN, P.; GARREAU, B.; LELORD, G. Validation of the revised Behavior Summarized Evaluation (BSE-R). Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, v. 27, n. 2, p. 139-53, 1997.

[9] BIRNBRAUER, J. S. & LEACH, D. J. The Murdoch early intervention program after 2 years. Behaviour Change, v. 10, n. 2, p. 63-74, 1993.

[10] BUITELAAR, J. K. Early detection in autism. Communication au XI Congrès International de l’ESCAP, Hambourg, 15-19 septembre 1999.

[11] BURSZTEJN, C. & DANION-GRILLIAT, A. Peut-on dépister l’autisme avant trois ans? J. pédiatr., puéricullure, n. 13, p. 478-81, 2000.

[12] CARMAGNAT-DUBOIS, F.; DESOMBRE, H.; PERROT, A.; ROUX, S.; LE NOIR, P.; SAUVAGE, D.; GARREAU, B. Syndrome de Rett et autisme. Évaluation comparative précoce des signes d’autisme à l’aide de films familiaux. L’Encéphale, n. XXIII, p. 273-9, 1997.

[13] CHARMAN, T.; SWETTENHAM, J.; BARON-COHELL, S.; COX, A.; BAIRD, G.; DREW, A. Infants with autism: An investigation of empathy, pretend play, joint attention and imitation. Developmental Psychology, v. 33, n. 5, p. 781-9, 1997.

[14] COX, A.; KLEIN, K.; CHARMAN, T.; BAIRD, G.; BARON-COHEN, S.; SWETTENHA, J.; DREW, A.; WHEELWRIGHT, S. Autism spectrum disorders at 20 and 42 months of age: Stability of clinical and ADI-R diagnosis. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, v. 40, n. 5, p. 719-32, 1999.

[15] DAHLGREN, S. O. & GILLBERG, C. Symptoms in the first two years of life. A preliminary population study of a infantile autism. European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, n. 238, p. 169-74, 1989.

[16] DELION, P. & BULLINGER, A. Aspects tonico-posturaux dans le développement du bébé à risque autistique. Communication au Congrès international du jubilé de l’Association mondiale de psychiatrie, Paris, 26-30 juin 2000.

[17] DE GIACOMO, A. & FOMBONNE, E. Parental recognition of developmental abnormalities in autism. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, v. 7, n. 3, p. 131-6, 1998.

[18] DILAVORE, P. C.; LORD, C.; RUTTER, M. The pre-linguistic autism diagnostic observation schedule. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, n. 25, p. 355-79, 1995.

[19] EISENMAJER, R. et al. Comparison of clinical symptoms in autism and asperger's disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, v. 35, n. 11, p. 1523-31, 1996.

[20] FEINSTEIN, C. & REISS, A. L. Autism: The point of view from fragile X studies. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorder, v. 28, n. 5, p. 393-405, 1998.

[21] FENSKE, E. C.; ZALENSKI, S.; KRANTZ, P. J.; MCCLANNAHAN, L. E. Age at intervention and treatment outcome for autistic children in a comprehensive intervention program. Analysis and Intervention in Developmental Disabilities, n. 5, p. 49-58, 1985.

[22] FILIPEK, P. A.; ACCARDO, P. J.; BARANEK, G. T.; COOK, E. H. JR.; DAWSON, G.; GORDON, B.; GRAVEL, J. S.; JOHNSON, C. P.; KALLEN, R. J.; LEVY, S. E.; MINSHEW, N. J.; PRIZANT, B. M.; RAPIN, I.; ROGERS, S. J.; STONE, W. L.; TEPLIN, S.; TUCHMAN, R. F.; VOLKMAR, F. R. The screening and diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, n. 29, p. 439-84, 1999.

[23] FOMBONNE, E. & DE GIACOMO, A. La reconnaissance des signes d’autisme par les parents. Devenir, v. 12, n. 3, p. 49-64, 2000.

[24] GILLBERG, C.; EHIERS, S.; SCHAUMANN, H.; JAKOBSSON, G.; DAHLGREN, S.; LINDBLORN, R.; GABENHOLM, A.; TJUUS, R.; BLIDNEr, E. Autism under age 3 years: A clinical study of 28 cases referred for autistic symptoms in infancy. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, n. 31, p. 921-34, 1990.

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